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BIOSCI 107 > Muscle and Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle and Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does muscle tissue consist of?

A

Consists of elongated cells that use energy from hydrolysis of ATP to generate forces

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2
Q

In muscle tissue, what does contraction cause?

A

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue comprising 50% of the body tissue mass?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle

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4
Q

How many skeletal muscles are in the body?

A

~650

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5
Q

What are the 2 muscles we will be focusing on in skeletal muscles?

A

Stapedius and Sartorius

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6
Q

How is skeletal muscle attached to bones?

A

Attached via tendons

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7
Q

What do tendons look like under a microscope?

A

Appear striated/lots of lines

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8
Q

True or false - contraction is ALWAYS under conscious/voluntary control

A

False - most of the time it is conscious however not always for eg posture

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9
Q

True or false - fibres are cylindrical within skeletal muscle?

A

True

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10
Q

What is the measurement for the stapedius muscle?

A

1.25mm

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11
Q

True or false - the stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle?

A

True - it helps to stabilize the smallest bone within the ear

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12
Q

How long is the sartorius?

A

Up to 60cm long

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13
Q

What movement is the sartorius involved in?

A

Hip flexors, abduction, knee rotator, etc (checking bottom of shoe for gum)

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14
Q

What is Hypercacius?

A

It is when the stapedius within the ear is damaged, causing extra loud sound perception

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15
Q

What is the location of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Attached to bones by tendons

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16
Q

Describe the appearance of Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Long cells that are striated. They are multinucleated meaning that there are many peripheral nuclei pushed to the side. A lot of the cells share a nucleus

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17
Q

True or false - skeletal muscle is under voluntary control

A

True

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18
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Myofibrils (2 µm diam) more or less fill the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
of the muscle fibre and extend to its entire length within the cell

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19
Q

What causes the striations of skeletal muscle cells fibres?

A

These are due to the highly organized arrangment of myofibrils within the cells

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20
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Thin filaments and thick filaments

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21
Q

What is located within the myofibril?

A

Myofilaments (such as thin filaments (actin) and thick filaments (myosin))

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22
Q

How long/wide are thin filaments?

A

8 nm diametre; 1-2 µm long

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23
Q

What are the measurements of thick filaments?

A

16 nm diam; 1-2 µm long

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24
Q

True or false - myofilaments do not extend the length of the muscle fibre

A

True - Instead they are arranged in compartments called sarcomeres

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25
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Basic functional unit of a myofibril

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26
Q

What separates Sarcomeres?

A

Z discs (or Z lines)

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27
Q

What, within skeletal muscle tissue, surrounds anatomical muscle?

A

Epimysium

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28
Q

What surrounds fascicles in skeletal muscle connective tissue?

A

Perimysium

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29
Q

What sits around muscls fibres in skeletal muscle connective tissue?

A

Endomysium

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30
Q

What is sarcolemma?

A

A specialized cell membrane which surrounds striated muscle fibres

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31
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

Cell cytoplasm

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32
Q

True or false - thick and thin myofilaments overlap to produce the striations in the myofibril?

A

True

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33
Q

What is the A line?

A

The dark middle part of the sarcomere that contains all the thick filaments

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34
Q

What is the I band?

A

Contains thin filaments but no thick filaments within the sarcomere

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35
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Contains thick filaments but no thin filaments within the sarcomere

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36
Q

What is the M line?

A

Middle of the sarcomere that holds thick filaments together

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37
Q

What is the Z disc?

A

Passes through the centre I band between the sarcomeres which is made up of actinins. These link the filaments of the adjacent sarcomeres.

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38
Q

What is titin?

A

Links Z disc to M line, provides resting tension in the I band, and has a molecular spring.

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39
Q

What is the appearance of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated and branched.

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40
Q

True or false - cardiac muscle has a single central nucleus

A

True

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41
Q

How does cardiac muscle join?

A

Fibres join end to end through intercalated discs.

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42
Q

What do intercalated discs contain?

A

Desmosomes and Gap junctions

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43
Q

What is the function of desmosomes within intercalated discs?

A

They bind intermediate filaments and provide adhesion in contraction

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44
Q

What is the function of GAP junctions within intercalated discs?

A

Communication, coordination and rapid conduction

45
Q

Does cardiac muscle tissue have actin and myosin?

A

Yes

46
Q

What are purkinje fibres?

A

Specialised muscle cells that conduct electrical activity around the heart. They have less myofibrils and more specialised “connexins” (gap junctions)

47
Q

Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?

A

Within the heart

48
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Striated, branched, single central nucleus with intercalated discs

49
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary (contraction of heart)

50
Q

True or false - smooth muscle contains striations?

A

False - no striations thus “smooth”

51
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue located?

A

In the walls of hollow internal structures eg intestine, blood vessel walls, iris of the eyes, etc.

52
Q

Describe the appearance of smooth muscle

A

Short, small, spindle shaped

53
Q

Describe the measurements of Smooth muscle

A

about 30-200 µm long; 3-8 µm
thickest in the middle

54
Q

Describe the features of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Non-striated
Single central nucleus

55
Q

True or false - Smooth muscle fibres are non-striated and have no thin or thick filaments

A

False - Smooth muscles fibres are non-striated yes, however they also do contain thick and thick myofilaments

56
Q

What are dense bodies?

A

A major protein in Actinin

57
Q

What do thin filaments attach to within smooth muscle?

A

Dense bodies, which are functionally similar to Z discs.

58
Q

True or false - intermediate filaments also attach to dense bodies?

A

True!

59
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Non-contractile elements

60
Q

What happens during contraction within smooth muscle?

A

Tension is transmitted to the intermediate filaments (these don’t contract) and the cell twists as it contracts about these stable “rods”

61
Q

True or false - smooth muscle can either have lots of Gap junctions or none

A

True - lots in the gut and none in the iris

62
Q

What are the 2 main subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

63
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Maintain homeostasis (along with the endocrine system)
Initiates voluntary movements
Responsible for perception, behaviour and memory

64
Q

What are the 3 main functions that activities within the nervous system are grouped under?

A

Sensory
Integrative
Motor

65
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

66
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells that can be very large

67
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Supportive cells - usually small - all the other cells within the nervous tissue

68
Q

True or false - neurons are the longest cells within the body

A

True - up to 1m long - spinal cord to toe

69
Q

True or false - neurons are under conscious and unconscious control

A

True

70
Q

Describe the appearance of neurons

A

They have a cell body into which short, branched dendrites convey nerve impulses (action potentials) and from which a longer, single axon conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or tissue

71
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

The receiving/input part of the neuron

72
Q

What is the axon?

A

Carries the nerve impulse away from the neuron. It is the output portion of the neuron

73
Q

What are some key features of the neuron?

A

They do not divide
They have a high metabolic rate
They die rapidly with O2

74
Q

Describe the basic structure of multipolar neurons

A

They have 2 or more dendrites and a single axon

75
Q

Where are multipolar dendrites most commonly found?

A

Within the CNS

76
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

They control skeletal muscles

77
Q

True or false - all motor neurons are classes as multipolar neurons

A

True

78
Q

What is the longest neuron?

A

Multipolar neurons - they run from the spinal cord to the toe muscles

79
Q

Describe the structure of multipolar neurons

A

They have a cell body between the axon and the dendrite

80
Q

What are the 2 distinct processes of bipolar neurons?

A

1 dendritic process (can branch at the tip but not at the cell body) and 1 axon.

81
Q

True or false - Bipolar neurons are rare and small?

A

True

82
Q

How small are bipolar neurons?

A

30µm

83
Q

What are the bipolar neurons involved in?

A

Special sense organs (sight, smell, hearing)
Relaying information from the receptor to the neurons

84
Q

Describe the structure of the unipolar neuron

A

The cell body is off to one side, and whole things from where dendrites converge is called an axon

85
Q

What kind of neurons are sensory nerves?

A

Unipolar

86
Q

How long are unipolar neurons?

A

Very long (1m) from CNS to toe tip

87
Q

What do Anaxonic neurons look like?

A

Like a starfish in the middle with little spindles coming out of each of the feet.
Not able to distinguish axons from dendrites

88
Q

What is the function of anaxonic neurons?

A

These are rare and their function is poorly understood.

89
Q

Where are anaxonic neurons found?

A

In the brain and the sense organs

90
Q

Where are neuroglia found?

A

In the CNS and the PNS

91
Q

How much of our CNS do Neuroglia make up?

A

~50%

92
Q

True or false - neuroglia are larger than neurons but less numerous

A

False - neuroglia are smaller than neurons but more numerous

93
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

Physical structure of nervous tissue
Repair framework of nervous tissue (wall off the area where there has been infection)
Undertake Phagocytosis
Nutrient supply to neurons
Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue

94
Q

What are the classifications of Neuroglia within the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

95
Q

Describe the appearance of Astrocytes

A

Star shaped and large

96
Q

True or false - Astrocytes are the most numerous of the neuroglia

A

True

97
Q

What network are astrocytes apart of?

A

Syncytium network

98
Q

What are the functions of Astrocytes?

A

Support and repair
Communication
Maintaining environment
Maintaining blood-brain barrier

99
Q

What are the functions of Ogliodendrocytes?

A

Form insulating multi-layered myelin sheath around CNS axons
Can myelinate more than one neuron cells axon.
Accelerate the action potential

100
Q

What is the function for microglia?

A

Phagocytic - protection

101
Q

What do Ependymal cells within the neuroglia network of cells produce?

A

They produce cerebrospinal fluid

102
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

They line the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

103
Q

Do Ependymal cells have cilia and microvilli?

A

Yes - these single layer of predominantly cuboidal cells have cilia (flow) and microvilli (sampling)

104
Q

Where are Ependymal cells located?

A

In ventricles and in other locations that CNS is found

105
Q

What is a function of CSF?

A

Acts as a buffer and moves nutrients and waste

106
Q

What types of cells does the PNS have?

A

Schwann cell (PNS version of oligodendrocytes)
Satellite cells

107
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

They form an insulating myelin sheath around axons or can just support and surround several non-myelinated axon.

108
Q

How many Schwann cells are their per axon?

A

One Schwann cell per axon for myelination but more axons/cells if just for support

BIOSCI 107 (5 decks)

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