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BIOSCI 107 > Muscle and Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle and Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does muscle tissue consist of?

A

Consists of elongated cells that use energy from hydrolysis of ATP to generate forces

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2
Q

In muscle tissue, what does contraction cause?

A

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue comprising 50% of the body tissue mass?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle

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4
Q

How many skeletal muscles are in the body?

A

~650

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5
Q

What are the 2 muscles we will be focusing on in skeletal muscles?

A

Stapedius and Sartorius

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6
Q

How is skeletal muscle attached to bones?

A

Attached via tendons

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7
Q

What do tendons look like under a microscope?

A

Appear striated/lots of lines

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8
Q

True or false - contraction is ALWAYS under conscious/voluntary control

A

False - most of the time it is conscious however not always for eg posture

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9
Q

True or false - fibres are cylindrical within skeletal muscle?

A

True

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10
Q

What is the measurement for the stapedius muscle?

A

1.25mm

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11
Q

True or false - the stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle?

A

True - it helps to stabilize the smallest bone within the ear

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12
Q

How long is the sartorius?

A

Up to 60cm long

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13
Q

What movement is the sartorius involved in?

A

Hip flexors, abduction, knee rotator, etc (checking bottom of shoe for gum)

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14
Q

What is Hypercacius?

A

It is when the stapedius within the ear is damaged, causing extra loud sound perception

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15
Q

What is the location of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Attached to bones by tendons

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16
Q

Describe the appearance of Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Long cells that are striated. They are multinucleated meaning that there are many peripheral nuclei pushed to the side. A lot of the cells share a nucleus

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17
Q

True or false - skeletal muscle is under voluntary control

A

True

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18
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Myofibrils (2 µm diam) more or less fill the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
of the muscle fibre and extend to its entire length within the cell

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19
Q

What causes the striations of skeletal muscle cells fibres?

A

These are due to the highly organized arrangment of myofibrils within the cells

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20
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Thin filaments and thick filaments

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21
Q

What is located within the myofibril?

A

Myofilaments (such as thin filaments (actin) and thick filaments (myosin))

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22
Q

How long/wide are thin filaments?

A

8 nm diametre; 1-2 µm long

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23
Q

What are the measurements of thick filaments?

A

16 nm diam; 1-2 µm long

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24
Q

True or false - myofilaments do not extend the length of the muscle fibre

A

True - Instead they are arranged in compartments called sarcomeres

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25
What is a sarcomere?
Basic functional unit of a myofibril
26
What separates Sarcomeres?
Z discs (or Z lines)
27
What, within skeletal muscle tissue, surrounds anatomical muscle?
Epimysium
28
What surrounds fascicles in skeletal muscle connective tissue?
Perimysium
29
What sits around muscls fibres in skeletal muscle connective tissue?
Endomysium
30
What is sarcolemma?
A specialized cell membrane which surrounds striated muscle fibres
31
What is sarcoplasm?
Cell cytoplasm
32
True or false - thick and thin myofilaments overlap to produce the striations in the myofibril?
True
33
What is the A line?
The dark middle part of the sarcomere that contains all the thick filaments
34
What is the I band?
Contains thin filaments but no thick filaments within the sarcomere
35
What is the H zone?
Contains thick filaments but no thin filaments within the sarcomere
36
What is the M line?
Middle of the sarcomere that holds thick filaments together
37
What is the Z disc?
Passes through the centre I band between the sarcomeres which is made up of actinins. These link the filaments of the adjacent sarcomeres.
38
What is titin?
Links Z disc to M line, provides resting tension in the I band, and has a molecular spring.
39
What is the appearance of cardiac muscle?
Striated and branched.
40
True or false - cardiac muscle has a single central nucleus
True
41
How does cardiac muscle join?
Fibres join end to end through intercalated discs.
42
What do intercalated discs contain?
Desmosomes and Gap junctions
43
What is the function of desmosomes within intercalated discs?
They bind intermediate filaments and provide adhesion in contraction
44
What is the function of GAP junctions within intercalated discs?
Communication, coordination and rapid conduction
45
Does cardiac muscle tissue have actin and myosin?
Yes
46
What are purkinje fibres?
Specialised muscle cells that conduct electrical activity around the heart. They have less myofibrils and more specialised "connexins" (gap junctions)
47
Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?
Within the heart
48
What is the structure of cardiac muscle tissue?
Striated, branched, single central nucleus with intercalated discs
49
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary (contraction of heart)
50
True or false - smooth muscle contains striations?
False - no striations thus "smooth"
51
Where is smooth muscle tissue located?
In the walls of hollow internal structures eg intestine, blood vessel walls, iris of the eyes, etc.
52
Describe the appearance of smooth muscle
Short, small, spindle shaped
53
Describe the measurements of Smooth muscle
about 30-200 µm long; 3-8 µm thickest in the middle
54
Describe the features of smooth muscle
Involuntary Non-striated Single central nucleus
55
True or false - Smooth muscle fibres are non-striated and have no thin or thick filaments
False - Smooth muscles fibres are non-striated yes, however they also do contain thick and thick myofilaments
56
What are dense bodies?
A major protein in Actinin
57
What do thin filaments attach to within smooth muscle?
Dense bodies, which are functionally similar to Z discs.
58
True or false - intermediate filaments also attach to dense bodies?
True!
59
What are intermediate filaments?
Non-contractile elements
60
What happens during contraction within smooth muscle?
Tension is transmitted to the intermediate filaments (these don't contract) and the cell twists as it contracts about these stable "rods"
61
True or false - smooth muscle can either have lots of Gap junctions or none
True - lots in the gut and none in the iris
62
What are the 2 main subdivisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
63
What is the function of the nervous system?
Maintain homeostasis (along with the endocrine system) Initiates voluntary movements Responsible for perception, behaviour and memory
64
What are the 3 main functions that activities within the nervous system are grouped under?
Sensory Integrative Motor
65
What does nervous tissue consist of?
Neurons and Neuroglia
66
What are neurons?
Nerve cells that can be very large
67
What are neuroglia?
Supportive cells - usually small - all the other cells within the nervous tissue
68
True or false - neurons are the longest cells within the body
True - up to 1m long - spinal cord to toe
69
True or false - neurons are under conscious and unconscious control
True
70
Describe the appearance of neurons
They have a cell body into which short, branched dendrites convey nerve impulses (action potentials) and from which a longer, single axon conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or tissue
71
What is a dendrite?
The receiving/input part of the neuron
72
What is the axon?
Carries the nerve impulse away from the neuron. It is the output portion of the neuron
73
What are some key features of the neuron?
They do not divide They have a high metabolic rate They die rapidly with O2
74
Describe the basic structure of multipolar neurons
They have 2 or more dendrites and a single axon
75
Where are multipolar dendrites most commonly found?
Within the CNS
76
What are motor neurons?
They control skeletal muscles
77
True or false - all motor neurons are classes as multipolar neurons
True
78
What is the longest neuron?
Multipolar neurons - they run from the spinal cord to the toe muscles
79
Describe the structure of multipolar neurons
They have a cell body between the axon and the dendrite
80
What are the 2 distinct processes of bipolar neurons?
1 dendritic process (can branch at the tip but not at the cell body) and 1 axon.
81
True or false - Bipolar neurons are rare and small?
True
82
How small are bipolar neurons?
30µm
83
What are the bipolar neurons involved in?
Special sense organs (sight, smell, hearing) Relaying information from the receptor to the neurons
84
Describe the structure of the unipolar neuron
The cell body is off to one side, and whole things from where dendrites converge is called an axon
85
What kind of neurons are sensory nerves?
Unipolar
86
How long are unipolar neurons?
Very long (1m) from CNS to toe tip
87
What do Anaxonic neurons look like?
Like a starfish in the middle with little spindles coming out of each of the feet. Not able to distinguish axons from dendrites
88
What is the function of anaxonic neurons?
These are rare and their function is poorly understood.
89
Where are anaxonic neurons found?
In the brain and the sense organs
90
Where are neuroglia found?
In the CNS and the PNS
91
How much of our CNS do Neuroglia make up?
~50%
92
True or false - neuroglia are larger than neurons but less numerous
False - neuroglia are smaller than neurons but more numerous
93
What is the function of neuroglia?
Physical structure of nervous tissue Repair framework of nervous tissue (wall off the area where there has been infection) Undertake Phagocytosis Nutrient supply to neurons Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue
94
What are the classifications of Neuroglia within the CNS?
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells
95
Describe the appearance of Astrocytes
Star shaped and large
96
True or false - Astrocytes are the most numerous of the neuroglia
True
97
What network are astrocytes apart of?
Syncytium network
98
What are the functions of Astrocytes?
Support and repair Communication Maintaining environment Maintaining blood-brain barrier
99
What are the functions of Ogliodendrocytes?
Form insulating multi-layered myelin sheath around CNS axons Can myelinate more than one neuron cells axon. Accelerate the action potential
100
What is the function for microglia?
Phagocytic - protection
101
What do Ependymal cells within the neuroglia network of cells produce?
They produce cerebrospinal fluid
102
What is the function of ependymal cells?
They line the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
103
Do Ependymal cells have cilia and microvilli?
Yes - these single layer of predominantly cuboidal cells have cilia (flow) and microvilli (sampling)
104
Where are Ependymal cells located?
In ventricles and in other locations that CNS is found
105
What is a function of CSF?
Acts as a buffer and moves nutrients and waste
106
What types of cells does the PNS have?
Schwann cell (PNS version of oligodendrocytes) Satellite cells
107
What is the function of Schwann cells?
They form an insulating myelin sheath around axons or can just support and surround several non-myelinated axon.
108
How many Schwann cells are their per axon?
One Schwann cell per axon for myelination but more axons/cells if just for support

BIOSCI 107 (5 decks)

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