tissues & cells Flashcards
what does cytoplasm consist of
cell contents between nucleus and plasma membrane
what does cytosol consist of
fluid cytoplasmic material
what are Organelles
“small organs” in cytosol
what are a few organelle examples
- Ribosomes
- Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Mitochondria
- Cytoskeletal elements
- Centrioles
what do ribosomes do
- actual site of protein synthesis
- are tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein
what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do
- surface studded with ribosomes (rough)
- involved in synthesis, folding, modification, transport of proteins for cell membrane
what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do
- no ribosomes (smooth)
- involved in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, detoxification of chemicals, calcium ion storage and release
what does the golgi apparatus do
- central hub for modifying, sorting, packing proteins and lipids from ER
- preps cellular products for secretion
what do lysosomes do
- contain digestive enzymes to break down waste & cellular debris
- degrade and recycle cellular waste, pathogens, and damaged organelles to maintain cellular health
what do peroxisomes do
- contain enzymes that metabolize fatty acids, amino acids, and toxic substances
- play role in lipid metabolism and detoxification of harmful compounds (including hydrogen peroxide breakdown into water & oxygen)
what does the mitochondria do
- contain enzymes that oxidize food to produce ATP
what do centrioles do
- play a key role in cell division in animal cells by facilitating the organization of the mitotic spindle and the completion of cytokinesis
- involved in forming cilia and flagella, which are structures that protrude from the cell surface and are involved in cell movement and sensory functions
what is epithelial tissue
Sheets of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body
cavity
epithelial tissue functions
- Protection
- Absorption
- Secretion
- Filtration
- Sensation (sensory reception)
where are simple squamous epithelium cells found
- kidney
- air sacs of lungs
- lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
where are simple cuboidal epithelium cells found
- kidney tubules
- ovary surface
- ducts and secretory portions of small glands
where are simple columnar epithelium cells found
- most of digestive tract
- gallbladder
- some regions of uterus
where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells found
- males sperm carrying ducts
- lines the trachea
- most of upper respiratory tract
where are stratified squamous epithelium cells found
- forms moist lining of esophagus, mouth, vagina
where are stratified cuboidal epithelium cells founds
- ducts of sweat glands
- salivary glands
where are stratified columnar epithelium cells found
- rare in the body
- small amounts in male urethra
where are transitional epithelium cells found
- lines ureters
- lines urinary bladder
- lines part of urethra
what does dense regular connective tissue connect
bone to bones and bone to muscles
what are the main functions of connective tissues
- Support and Structure
- Protection
- Transport (involved in transporting nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), and waste products)
- Storage (store energy, particularly in the form of fat in adipose tissue)
- Insulation
- Healing and Repair
what are the main functions of muscle tissues
- Movement
- Posture and Body Support
- Heat Production
- Protection
- Control of Body Openings and Passages
what are the main functions of nervous tissues
- Communication
- Coordination and Control
- Integration (integrates sensory information from various sources, allowing the brain and spinal cord to make informed decisions and responses like reflexes)
- Sensory Input
- Motor Output
what are the 3 loose connective tissues
areolar, adipose, reticular
what are the 3 dense connective tissues
regular, irregular, elastic
what are main functions of areolar connective tissues
- it is the most widely distributed connective tissue
- soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs”
- functions as a packing tissue
- contains all fiber types
- can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
what are main functions of adipose connective tissues
- its Functions are to Insulate the body
- Protects some organs
- Serves as a site of fuel storage
- matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
- many cells contain large lipid deposits
what are main functions of reticular connective tissues
- delicate network of interwoven fibers
- forms stroma (internal supporting network)
- found in lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, Spleen, Bone marrow
what is the most common type of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage:
functions & location of hyaline cartilage
- composed of Abundant collagen fibers and Rubbery matrix
- Locations: Larynx, Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth
- Functions as a more flexible skeletal element than bone
what is a hydrolysis reaction
any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds
- necessary for Digesting large molecules
what is Dehydration synthesis
-a dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion
- Creates polymers from monomers
Mitochondria are known as the “powerhouses” of the cell because they:
- Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
Cilia and flagella differ primarily in their:
- Size and number on cells
