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anatomy > tissues & cells > Flashcards

tissues & cells Flashcards

1
Q

what does cytoplasm consist of

A

cell contents between nucleus and plasma membrane

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2
Q

what does cytosol consist of

A

fluid cytoplasmic material

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3
Q

what are Organelles

A

“small organs” in cytosol

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4
Q

what are a few organelle examples

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoskeletal elements
  • Centrioles
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5
Q

what do ribosomes do

A
  • actual site of protein synthesis
  • are tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein
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6
Q

what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do

A
  • surface studded with ribosomes (rough)
  • involved in synthesis, folding, modification, transport of proteins for cell membrane
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7
Q

what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do

A
  • no ribosomes (smooth)
  • involved in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, detoxification of chemicals, calcium ion storage and release
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8
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do

A
  • central hub for modifying, sorting, packing proteins and lipids from ER
  • preps cellular products for secretion
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9
Q

what do lysosomes do

A
  • contain digestive enzymes to break down waste & cellular debris
  • degrade and recycle cellular waste, pathogens, and damaged organelles to maintain cellular health
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10
Q

what do peroxisomes do

A
  • contain enzymes that metabolize fatty acids, amino acids, and toxic substances
  • play role in lipid metabolism and detoxification of harmful compounds (including hydrogen peroxide breakdown into water & oxygen)
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11
Q

what does the mitochondria do

A
  • contain enzymes that oxidize food to produce ATP
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12
Q

what do centrioles do

A
  • play a key role in cell division in animal cells by facilitating the organization of the mitotic spindle and the completion of cytokinesis
  • involved in forming cilia and flagella, which are structures that protrude from the cell surface and are involved in cell movement and sensory functions
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13
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

Sheets of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body
cavity

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14
Q

epithelial tissue functions

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Filtration
  • Sensation (sensory reception)
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15
Q

where are simple squamous epithelium cells found

A
  • kidney
  • air sacs of lungs
  • lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
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16
Q

where are simple cuboidal epithelium cells found

A
  • kidney tubules
  • ovary surface
  • ducts and secretory portions of small glands
17
Q

where are simple columnar epithelium cells found

A
  • most of digestive tract
  • gallbladder
  • some regions of uterus
18
Q

where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells found

A
  • males sperm carrying ducts
  • lines the trachea
  • most of upper respiratory tract
19
Q

where are stratified squamous epithelium cells found

A
  • forms moist lining of esophagus, mouth, vagina
20
Q

where are stratified cuboidal epithelium cells founds

A
  • ducts of sweat glands
  • salivary glands
21
Q

where are stratified columnar epithelium cells found

A
  • rare in the body
  • small amounts in male urethra
22
Q

where are transitional epithelium cells found

A
  • lines ureters
  • lines urinary bladder
  • lines part of urethra
23
Q

what does dense regular connective tissue connect

A

bone to bones and bone to muscles

24
Q

what are the main functions of connective tissues

A
  • Support and Structure
  • Protection
  • Transport (involved in transporting nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), and waste products)
  • Storage (store energy, particularly in the form of fat in adipose tissue)
  • Insulation
  • Healing and Repair
25
Q

what are the main functions of muscle tissues

A
  • Movement
  • Posture and Body Support
  • Heat Production
  • Protection
  • Control of Body Openings and Passages
26
Q

what are the main functions of nervous tissues

A
  • Communication
  • Coordination and Control
  • Integration (integrates sensory information from various sources, allowing the brain and spinal cord to make informed decisions and responses like reflexes)
  • Sensory Input
  • Motor Output
27
Q

what are the 3 loose connective tissues

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

28
Q

what are the 3 dense connective tissues

A

regular, irregular, elastic

29
Q

what are main functions of areolar connective tissues

A
  • it is the most widely distributed connective tissue
  • soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs”
  • functions as a packing tissue
  • contains all fiber types
  • can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
30
Q

what are main functions of adipose connective tissues

A
  • its Functions are to Insulate the body
  • Protects some organs
  • Serves as a site of fuel storage
  • matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
  • many cells contain large lipid deposits
31
Q

what are main functions of reticular connective tissues

A
  • delicate network of interwoven fibers
  • forms stroma (internal supporting network)
  • found in lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, Spleen, Bone marrow
32
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage:

33
Q

functions & location of hyaline cartilage

A
  • composed of Abundant collagen fibers and Rubbery matrix
  • Locations: Larynx, Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth
  • Functions as a more flexible skeletal element than bone
34
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds
- necessary for Digesting large molecules

35
Q

what is Dehydration synthesis

A

-a dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion
- Creates polymers from monomers

36
Q

Mitochondria are known as the “powerhouses” of the cell because they:

A
  • Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
37
Q

Cilia and flagella differ primarily in their:

A
  • Size and number on cells

anatomy (5 decks)

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