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lab practical 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Origin DEFINITION

A

fixed, stationary, immoveable, or
less moveable muscle attachment

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2
Q

Insertion DEFINITION

A

more moveable muscle
attachment

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3
Q

Body movement occurs when

A

muscles contract across diarthrotic synovial joints

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4
Q

what happens when a Muscle contracts

A

muscle fiber shortens,
insertion moves toward the origin

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5
Q

Movements
Flexion:

A

movement, generally in sagittal plane, decreases the angle of joint and reduces distance between the two bones; typical of hinge joints (bending knee or elbow) but is also
common at ball-and-socket joints (bending forward at the hip)

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6
Q

Movements
Extension:

A

movement that increases the angle of a joint and the distance between the bones or parts of the body; opposite of flexion; if extension proceeds beyond anatomical position
(bends the trunk backward) it is termed hyperextension

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7
Q

Movements
Abduction:

A

movement of limb away from the midline of the body, along the frontal plane, or the fanning movement of fingers or toes when spread apart

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8
Q

Movements
Adduction:

A

movement of limb toward the midline of body or drawing fingers or toes together; opposite of adduction

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9
Q

Movements
Rotation:

A

movement of body around its longitudinal axis without lateral or medial displacement; common movement of ball-and-socket joints, also describes movement of the
atlas around the dens of the axis

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10
Q

Movements
Circumduction:

A

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; common in ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder; the limb as a whole outlines a cone

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11
Q

Movements
Pronation:

A

movement of the palm of the hand from an anterior or upward-facing position to a posterior or downward-facing position; distal end of the radius rotates over the ulna so that the bones form and X with pronation of the forearm

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12
Q

Movements
Supination:

A

movement of the palm of the hand from a posterior position to an anterior
position (the anatomical position); opposite of pronation; radius and ulna are parallel

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13
Q

Movements
Dorsiflexion:

A

movement of the ankle joint that lifts the foot so that its superior surface
approaches the shin

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14
Q

Movements
Plantar flexion:

A

movement of the ankle joint in which the foot is flexed downward (as if
standing on one’s toes or pointing the toes)

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15
Q

Movements
Inversion:

A

movement that turns the sole of the foot medially

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16
Q

Movements
Eversion:

A

movement that turns the sole of the foot laterally; opposite of inversion

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17
Q

TYPES OF
MUSCLES
* Agonists

A
  • PRIME MOVERS
  • muscles most responsible for producing a particular movement
  • Contracts to generate the main force of action
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18
Q

TYPES OF
MUSCLES
Antagonists

A

muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
* Performing the paired action
* When an agonist is active, the fibers of the antagonist are stretched and in a relaxed state
* Antagonists can be agonists in their own right
* Biceps (agonist of flexion at the elbow) are antagonized by the triceps (agonists of extension at the elbow)

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19
Q

TYPES OF
MUSCLES
Synergists:

A

aid the action of agonists either by assisting with the same movement
or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement
* Contraction of a muscle crossing two or more joints would cause movement
at all joints spanned if the synergists were not there to stabilize them
* Ex: muscles that flex the fingers cross both the wrist and finger joints, but you
can make a fist without bending your wrist because synergist muscles
stabilize the wrist joints

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20
Q

TYPES OF
MUSCLES
Fixators

A

(fixation muscles): specialized synergists that immobilize the origin of an agonist so that all of the tension is exerted at the insertion
* Ex: muscles that help maintain posture
* Ex: muscles of the back that “fix” the scapula during arm movements

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21
Q

fascicle pattern + muscle example:
Parallel

A

Sartorius

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22
Q

fascicle pattern + muscle example:
Pennate

A

Rectus femoris

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23
Q

fascicle pattern + muscle example:
Circular

A

Orbicularis oculi

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24
Q

what are the 3 general functions of muscles

A

Movement, heat production, posture

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25
Q

what structure is the frontal lobe part of

A

cerebrum

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26
Q

what structure is the Thalamus
part of

A

DIENCEPHALON

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27
Q

what structure is the intermediate mass part of

A

DIENCEPHALON

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28
Q

what structure is the Hypothalamus
part of

A

DIENCEPHALON

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29
Q

what structure are the Mamillary bodies part of

A

DIENCEPHALON

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30
Q

what structure is the
Pituitary gland part of

A

DIENCEPHALON

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31
Q

what structure is the
Infundibulum part of

A

DIENCEPHALON

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32
Q

what composes the BRAIN STEM

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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33
Q

what structure is the Parietal lobe
part of

A

CEREBRUM

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34
Q

what structure is the
Temporal lobe part of

A

CEREBRUM

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35
Q

what structure is the
Occipital lobe part of

36
Q

what structure is the Longitudinal fissure part of

37
Q

what structure is the
Transverse fissure part of

38
Q

what structure is the Central sulcus
part of

39
Q

what structure is the Lateral sulcus
part of

40
Q

what structure is the Parieto-occipital sulcus part of

41
Q

what structure is the Corpus callosum part of

42
Q

what structure is the Fornix part of

43
Q

what structure is the Cebral peduncles part of

A

BRAIN STEM:
Midbrain

44
Q

what structure is the Superior colliculi part of

A

BRAIN STEM:
Midbrain

45
Q

what structure is the Inferior colliculi part of

A

BRAIN STEM:
Midbrain

46
Q

what structure is the Pineal gland part of

A

BRAIN STEM:
Midbrain

47
Q

what structure is the Coropa quadrigemina part of

A

BRAIN STEM:
Midbrain

48
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
MASSETER

A

zygomatic
mandible
close jaw

49
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
sternocleidomastoid

A

sternum & clavicle
mastoid of temporal
neck flexion, head rotation

50
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
pectoralis minor

A

sternum, clavicle
humerus
arm flexion, adduction, rotation

51
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
deltoid

A

clavicle, scapula
humerus
arm abduction

52
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
biceps brachii

A

scapula & glenoid cavity
radius
forearm flexion & supination

53
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
triceps brachii

A

glenoid cavity & humerus
ulna
forearm extension

54
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
brachioradialis

A

humerus
radius
forearm flexion synergist

55
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
trapezius

A

occipital
scapula & clavicle
raise, rotate, adduct, & stabilize scapula

56
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
latissimus dorsi

A

thoracic & lumbar vertebrae, ribs
humerus
arm extension; adduct & medially rotate arm

56
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
gluteus maximus

A

os coxae, sacrum, coccyx
femur
thigh extensor

56
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
rectus femoris

A

os coxae
tibia
extend leg, flex thigh

57
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
semimembranosus

A

os coxae
tibia
extend thigh; flex leg

58
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
sartorius

A

os coxae
tibia
flex, abduct, lateral rotate thigh, flex leg

59
Q

ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION:
gastrocnemius

A

femur
calcaneus
plantar flex foot

60
Q

LOCATION OF:
Olfactory nerve (I):

A

olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity

61
Q

LOCATION OF:
Optic nerve (II):

A

the retina of the eye and exits the skull through the optic canal

62
Q

LOCATION OF:
Oculomotor nerve (III):

A

from the midbrain and passes through the superior orbital fissure to innervate several extraocular muscles

63
Q

LOCATION OF:
Trochlear nerve (IV):

A

from the dorsal aspect of the midbrain and passes through the superior orbital fissure to innervate the superior oblique muscle

64
Q

LOCATION OF:
Trigeminal nerve (V):

A

from the pons and has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3)

65
Q

LOCATION OF:
Abducens nerve (VI):

A

from the pons and passes through the superior orbital fissure to innervate the lateral rectus muscle

66
Q

LOCATION OF:
Facial nerve (VII):

A

from the pons and passes through the internal acoustic meatus before exiting the skull through the stylomastoid foramen

67
Q

LOCATION OF:
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII):

A

from the inner ear and enters the skull through the internal acoustic meatus

68
Q

LOCATION OF:
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX):

A

from the medulla oblongata and exits the skull through the jugular foramen

69
Q

LOCATION OF:
Vagus nerve (X):

A

from the medulla oblongata and exits the skull through the jugular foramen

70
Q

LOCATION OF:
Accessory nerve (XI):

A

from the medulla and the spinal cord and exits the skull through the jugular foramen

71
Q

LOCATION OF:
Hypoglossal nerve (XII):

A

from the medulla and exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal

72
Q

Astrocytes (CNS OR PNS)

73
Q

Oligodendrocytes(CNS OR PNS)

74
Q

Microglia (CNS OR PNS)

75
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS OR PNS)

76
Q

Schwann cells:(CNS OR PNS)

77
Q

Satellite cells (CNS OR PNS)

78
Q

Sensory Neurons:
bipolar, unipolar, multipolar?

A

either bipolar or unipolar

79
Q

Motor Neurons:
bipolar, unipolar, multipolar?

A

multipolar

80
Q

Interneurons
bipolar, unipolar, multipolar?

A

multipolar

81
Q

Cerebrum:
Function

A

higher cognitive functions such as conscious thought, perception, memory, language, and voluntary movement

82
Q

Cerebellum:
Function:

A

coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining balance and posture, and fine-tuning motor skills

83
Q

Brainstem:
Function

A

regulates essential functions necessary for survival, including breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and arousal

anatomy (5 decks)

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