final Flashcards
(FIGURE 7.1) The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are indicated by letter __________.
Answer: A (DENDRITES)
(FIGURE 7.1) The metabolic center of the neuron is indicated by letter __________
Answer: D (CELL BODY)
(FIGURE 7.1) 3) The axon terminals are indicated by letter __________.
Answer: C
(FIGURE 7.1) 4) The axon is indicated by letter __________.
B
(FIGURE 7.1) 5) The gaps between Schwann cells are indicated by letter __________.
H
(FIGURE 7.1) 6) The nucleus of the neuron is indicated by letter __________.
E
7) Spinal nerves and cranial nerves are considered part of the __________ nervous system.
peripheral
8) __________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.
Schwann
9) Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called __________.
neuroglia
10) Cells found in the CNS that cling to neurons and anchor them to blood vessels are called __________.
astrocytes
11) The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called __________.
nodes of Ranvier
12) Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed __________.
proprioreceptors
13) Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called __________, whereas in the PNS they are called __________.
tracts; nerves
14) The cell bodies of the __________ neurons are always located within the CNS.
motor
15) Neurons with two processes, an axon and a dendrite, are structurally classified as __________ neurons.
bipolar
16) A functional property of nervous tissue called __________ is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse.
irritability
17) During repolarization of a neuron __________ ions diffuse out of the neuron to restore the negative charge on the inside of the membrane.
potassium
18) __________ reflexes include the secretion of saliva, changes in the size of our pupils, and digestion involve the activities of smooth muscles.
Autonomic
19) The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the __________.
diencephalon or interbrain
20) The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called __________.
cerebrovascular accident (CVA), commonly called a stroke
21) The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called __________.
meninges
22) Cerebrospinal fluid travels through the __________ of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
central canal
23) The primary motor area, located in the __________ lobe of the cerebral cortex, allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles.
frontal
24) The disease that results from problems with the basal nuclei resulting in difficulties with voluntary muscle movements is called __________.
Huntington’s disease or Huntington’s chorea
25) One of the major functions of the pons is to control __________.
breathing
26) The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the __________.
longitudinal fissure
27) The hypothalamus regulates the __________ gland.
pituitary
28) The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the __________.
corpus callosum
29) The portion of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling to the sensory cortex is the __________.
thalamus
30) Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by the __________.
choroid plexuses
31) A __________ is a type of traumatic brain injury that results in marked tissue destruction.
contusion
32) There are __________ pairs of cranial nerves and __________ pairs of spinal nerves in the peripheral nervous system.
12; 31
33) __________ disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra.
Parkinson’s
34) The __________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fasicles of neuron fibers.
perineurium
35) Sweat glands that produce perspiration when stimulated are innervated only by the __________ fibers.
sympathetic
36) The only pair of cranial nerves to extend to the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the __________ nerves.
vagus
37) Cranial nerve III is known as the __________ nerve.
oculomotor
38) The number of neurons involved in transmission of impulses in the autonomic nervous system is __________.
two
39) One of the last areas of the CNS to mature is the __________, which regulates body temperature.
hypothalamus
40) The largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve, belongs to the __________ nerve plexus.
sacral
41) Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral __________.
ramus
42) The __________ division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the “rest-and-digest” division.
parasympathetic
The term central nervous system refers to the:
brain and spinal cord
Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are:
somatic sensory
Which of these neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system:
oligodendrocytes
The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the:
axon
The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called:
dendrites
Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS are called:
ganglia
7) The major role of the interneuron is to:
D) connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways
Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons, are structurally classified as:
multipolar
9) The two major functional properties of neurons are:
irritability and conductivity
White matters refers to myelinated fibers in the:
CNS
Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are:
myelinated
Bipolar neurons are commonly:
found in the eye and nose
During the resting state, a neuron is:
polarized with sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cell
Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid:
potassium
An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell:
sodium
Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called:
saltatory conduction
The diffusion of potassium ions out of a neuron causes it to experience:
repolarization
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse:
1. the membrane becomes depolarized
2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward
3. the membrane becomes repolarized
4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell
2, 1, 4, 3
Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon’s membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next:
calcium
The gap between two communicating neurons is termed:
Synaptic cleft
The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called:
a neurotransmitter
Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc:
receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
Muscles and glands are:
effectors
24) Which type of reflex involves skeletal muscles:
somatic
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as __________ while the shallow grooves are termed __________.
Gyri; sulci
A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged:
frontal lobe
Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can’t vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the:
Broca’s area
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the:
brain stem
Which lobe contains the primary motor area and enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements:
frontal lobe
The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the:
hypothalamus
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except:
corpus callosum
The area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the:
reticular activating system (RAS)
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the:
hypothalamus
The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the:
medulla oblongata
Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the:
cerebellum
Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges:
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
The dura mater located in the fissure that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum is:
Tentorium cerebelli
The cerebrospinal fluid:
is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses
The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of:
metabolic waste such as urea
Which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke:
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
The gray matter of the spinal cord:
surrounds the central canal
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in:
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
43) Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, going from superior to inferior:
cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves
Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer:
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
Each spinal nerve branches into a ventral and dorsal:
ramus
The function of the olfactory nerve concerns:
smell
The nerve that contains sensory fibers that are involved in hearing is:
cranial nerve VIII
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the:
sacral plexus
Damage to this nerve results in “wristdrop,” the inability to extend the hand at the wrist:
radial
Which nervous system subdivision is a chain of two motor neurons consisting of a preganglion and a postganglionic neuron:
autonomic
Which of the nerve plexuses serves the shoulder and arm:
brachial
The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body resulting from a combination of which two nerves:
common fibular and tibial nerves
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the:
autonomic nervous system
In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system:
has two motor neurons
Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system:
skeletal muscle
Preparing the body for the “fight-or-flight” response during threatening situations is the role of the:
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system:
decreases heart rate
The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the:
parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the:
thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine
Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system operates using the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine:
sympathetic
Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate:
A) the brain reaches its maximum weight around the seventh decade of life
B) synaptic connections are too fixed to permit a great deal of learning after the age of 35
C) despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life
D) learning throughout the adult and aging years is supported primarily by glial proliferation
E) increased efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system enhances the ability to learn
C
TRUE OR FALSE: The sensory division of the nervous system is further subdivided into the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths in the PNS.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Dendrites release neurotransmitters into the extracellular space during nerve impulse transmissions.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Cell bodies of sensory neurons are always located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: A sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the central nervous system.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Bipolar neurons are rare in adults.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Depolarization of neurons results from the entry of sodium ions into the cell.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The withdrawal, or flexor, reflex is one of the only voluntary reflexes.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: A polarized neuron has fewer positive ions inside in comparison to the outside of the neuron.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the cerebellum.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anterior pituitary.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: The hypothalamus regulates the endocrine functions of the pituitary gland.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: There is no possibility of damaging the spinal cord below the third lumbar vertebra.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve pair that contains sensory fibers.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Cranial nerve XI is the accessory nerve; it controls tongue movement.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves and 12 pairs of spinal nerves.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Complex networks of spinal nerves are termed nerve plexuses.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems operate with a chain of two motor neurons.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division since the preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The usual cause of nervous system deterioration as we age is circulatory system problems.
TRUE
CNS, PNS, ANS, SNS, EFFERENT DIVISION, OR AFFERENT DIVISION: Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of the brain and spinal cord
CNS
CNS, PNS, ANS, SNS, EFFERENT DIVISION, OR AFFERENT DIVISION: Functional nervous system subdivision that carries information toward the central nervous system from receptors
Afferent division (sensory)
CNS, PNS, ANS, SNS, EFFERENT DIVISION, OR AFFERENT DIVISION: Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves
PNS
CNS, PNS, ANS, SNS, EFFERENT DIVISION, OR AFFERENT DIVISION: Subdivision of the motor division responsible for controlling involuntary events
ANS
CNS, PNS, ANS, SNS, EFFERENT DIVISION, OR AFFERENT DIVISION: Functional nervous system division that carries information from the central nervous system toward effectors
SNS (somatic nervous system)
where is the auditory area
temporal lobe
where is the primary somatic sensory area
parietal lobe
where is the primary motor area
frontal lobe
where is the motor speech area
broca’s area
where in the brain do you recognize patterns and faces
posterior association area
where is the visual area
occipital lobe
what is Composed of cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina
midbrain
what Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting
medulla oblongata
whats the Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
what Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
hypothalamus
what is the Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex
thalamus
where does Motor control of the visceral organs originate
reticular formation
Which nervous system Decreases heart rate;
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
which nervous system Stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
A) Sympathetic nervous system
which nervous system Decreases digestive system activities
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
A) Sympathetic nervous system
which nervous system Constricts bronchioles of the lungs
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
which nervous system has No effect on most blood vessels
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
which nervous system Decreases urine output of the kidneys
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
A) Sympathetic nervous system
which nervous system Increases metabolic rate:
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
A) Sympathetic nervous system
which nervous system Increases the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla:
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
A) Sympathetic nervous system
