exam 3 Flashcards
which muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
gastrocnemius muscle
what does the Tibialis anterior cause?
dorsiflexion / foot inversion
what does the Extensor digitorum longus cause?
toe extension
and dorsiflexion of the foot
what do Fibularis muscles cause?
plantar flexion, foot
eversion
what does Soleus cause?
plantar flexion
Flexor carpi
wrist flexion
Flexor digitorum
—finger flexion
Extensor carpi
—wrist extension
Extensor digitorum
—finger extension
what is mandible elevation and what are the prime movers (agonists)
closing the mouth
temporalis, masseters, medial pterygoid
what is mandible depression and what are the prime movers (agonists) and synergists
opening the mouth
agonists: digastric, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
synergists: stylohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
what is mandible protraction and what are the prime movers + synergists?
pushing jaw forward (creating underbite)
agonists: lateral pterygoid
synergists: superficial masseter, medial pterygoid
what is mandible retraction and what are the prime movers + synergists?
pushing jaw backwards (creating overbite)
agonists: temporalis, deep masseter
synergists: digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid
what is head/neck flexion and what are the prime movers?
bending neck downwards to chest
agonists: longus colli, longus capitis, sternocleidomastoid, scalene anterior, rectus capitis
course, and function of the Median nerve:
Course: Travels down the arm and forearm, passing through the carpal tunnel.
Function: Innervates muscles of the anterior forearm (e.g., flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus), provides motor innervation to the thenar muscles, and supplies sensation to the palmar aspect of the hand and lateral three and a half digits.
course, and function of the Ulnar nerve:
Course: Travels down the arm, passing posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus, and enters the forearm.
Function: Innervates intrinsic muscles of the hand (e.g., hypothenar muscles, interossei, medial two lumbricals) and provides sensation to the ulnar aspect of the hand and the medial one and a half digits
course, and function of the Radial nerve:
Course: Passes through the axilla and posterior compartment of the arm, reaching the posterior forearm.
Function: Innervates muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm (e.g., triceps brachii, anconeus, extensor muscles of the forearm) and provides sensation to the posterior arm, forearm, and dorsal hand.
course, and function of the Sciatic nerve:
Course: Passes through the pelvis and descends into the gluteal region before dividing into the tibial and common peroneal nerves in the popliteal fossa.
Function: Innervates muscles of the posterior thigh (hamstrings) and all muscles in the leg and foot, except for those in the anterior compartment of the leg and the short head of the biceps femoris. It also provides sensation to the skin of the leg, foot, and toes.
, course, and function of the Femoral nerve:
Course: Travels through the pelvis and enters the thigh under the inguinal ligament.
Function: Innervates the muscles of the anterior thigh (e.g., quadriceps femoris, sartorius, iliopsoas) and provides sensation to the anterior thigh and medial leg.
course, and function of the tibial nerve:
Course: Passes through the popliteal fossa and travels down the posterior leg to the foot.
Function: Innervates muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg (e.g., gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior) and intrinsic muscles of the foot. It also provides sensory innervation to the sole of the foot.
course, and function of the Common peroneal nerve:
Course: Divides into superficial and deep peroneal nerves in the popliteal fossa.
Function: Innervates muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (e.g., peroneus longus, peroneus brevis) and provides sensation to the anterolateral leg and dorsum of the foot
course, and function of the Obturator nerve:
Course: Passes through the obturator foramen and enters the medial compartment of the thigh.
Function: Innervates muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh (e.g., adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis) and provides sensation to the medial aspect of the thigh.
, course, and function of the Deep peroneal nerve:
Course: Descends along the anterior compartment of the leg.
Function: Innervates muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (e.g., tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus) and provides sensation to the web space between the first and second toes
course, and function of the Superior gluteal nerve:
Course: Emerges from the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis muscle.
Function: Innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae muscles, contributing to hip abduction and medial rotation.
course, and function of the Inferior gluteal nerve:
Course: Emerges from the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis muscle.
Function: Innervates the gluteus maximus muscle, contributing to hip extension and lateral rotation
course, and function of the Musculocutaneous nerve:
Course: Passes through the axilla and enters the anterior compartment of the arm.
Function: Innervates muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm (e.g., biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis) and provides sensation to the lateral forearm.
course, and function of the Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve:
Course: Passes through the pelvis and emerges from the lateral border of the psoas major muscle, running across the iliacus muscle.
Function: Provides sensory innervation to the lateral aspect of the thigh
course, and function of the Saphenous nerve:
Course: Passes through the adductor canal and descends along the medial aspect of the leg.
Function: Provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial leg and foot, extending to the medial ankle and foot arch.
course, and function of the Pudendal nerve:
Course: Exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, then re-enters through the lesser sciatic foramen.
Function: Innervates muscles of the perineum (e.g., external anal sphincter, urethral sphincter, bulbospongiosus) and provides sensory innervation to the genitalia and perianal region
course, and function of the Axillary nerve:
Course: Passes through the quadrangular space in the posterior shoulder.
Function: Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles, contributing to shoulder abduction and external rotation.
course, and function of the Common plantar digital nerve:
Course: Distributes along the plantar surface of the foot.
Function: Innervates the plantar aspect of the toes and provides sensation to the plantar surface of the foot.
course, and function of the Medial plantar nerve:
Course: Travels along the medial aspect of the foot.
Function: Innervates muscles of the first layer of the foot (e.g., abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis) and provides sensation to the medial sole of the foot
course, and function of the Lateral plantar nerve:
Course: Travels along the lateral aspect of the foot.
Function: Innervates muscles of the lateral and central layers of the foot (e.g., quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi) and provides sensation to the lateral sole of the foot
course, and function of the Posterior tibial nerve:
Origin: Continuation of the tibial nerve in the foot.
Course: Travels posterior to the medial malleolus and divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves.
Function: Innervates muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg and foot (e.g., flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus) and provides sensation to the plantar aspect of the foot and toes.
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the C2 nerve root?
rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the C3-C4 nerve root?
Neck muscles (trapezius, levator scapulae)
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the C5 nerve root?
Deltoid, biceps brachii (long head), brachialis
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the C6 nerve root?
Biceps brachii (short head), brachioradialis, supinator, (extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis), pronator teres
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the C7 nerve root?
Triceps brachii, wrist flexors (flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris), wrist extensors (extensor carpi ulnaris), finger extensors (extensor digitorum, extensor indicis), finger flexors (flexor digitorum profundus), triceps brachii
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the C8 nerve root?
Finger flexors (flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis), finger extensors (extensor digitorum, extensor indicis)
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the Musculocutaneous nerve?
Muscles of the anterior arm (biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis).
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the Axillary nerve?
Deltoid, teres minor
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the Radial nerve?
Posterior arm muscles (triceps brachii, anconeus), forearm extensors (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor indicis), wrist flexors (flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris), finger extensors, thumb abductors (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus), thumb extensors (extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus), supinator
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the Median nerve?
Forearm flexors (pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus), thenar muscles (abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis), lumbricals (first and second), index and middle finger flexors
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the Ulnar nerve?
Forearm flexors (flexor carpi ulnaris, medial half of flexor digitorum profundus), intrinsic hand muscles (hypothenar muscles, interossei, lumbricals (third and fourth)), ulnar two lumbricals
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the L1-L4 nerve root?
Innervation of various abdominal, pelvic, and hip muscles
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the L4 nerve root?
Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius), tibialis anterior
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the L5 nerve root?
Extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the S1-S2 nerve root?
Gluteus maximus, piriformis, hamstring muscles (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris), calf muscles (gastrocnemius, soleus)
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the S3-S4 nerve root?
Pelvic floor muscles, external anal sphincter
what muscle(s) is/are mostly supplied by the Co1 nerve root?
Innervation primarily associated with the coccygeus muscle and sensory innervation to the skin over the coccyx
prefixes myo and mys refer to
muscle
prefix sarco refers to
flesh
body location of skeletal muscle
Attached to bone
or skin (for some
facial muscles)
body location of cardiac muscle
Walls of the heart
body location of smooth muscle
Mostly in walls of
visceral organs
(other than the
heart)
Speed of
contraction of skeletal muscle
slow to fast
Speed of
contraction of smooth muscle
very slow
Speed of
contraction of cardiac muscle
slow
function of Endomysium
encloses a single muscle
fiber
function of Perimysium
wraps around a fascicle
(bundle) of muscle fibers
function of Epimysium
covers the entire skeletal
muscle
function of Fascia
on the outside of the epimysium
Sites of muscle attachment
*Bones
*Cartilages
*Connective tissue coverings
Skeletal Muscle Functions
*Produce movement
*Maintain posture
*Stabilize joints
*Generate heat
what does Flexion do
*Decreases the angle of the joint
*Brings two bones closer together
*Typical of bending hinge joints like knee and
elbow or ball-and-socket joints like the hip
what does extension do
*Opposite of flexion
*Increases angle between two bones
*Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
*Extension beyond 180° is hypertension
what does Rotation do
*Movement of a bone around its longitudinal
axis
*Common in ball-and-socket joints
*Example is when you move atlas around
the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)
what does Abduction do
*Movement of a limb away from the midline
what does adduction do
*Movement of a limb toward the midline
what is Dorsiflexion
Lifting the foot so that the superior surface
approaches the shin
what is plantar flexion
Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
what is Supination
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces
anteriorly
what is pronation
Forearm rotates medially so palm faces
posteriorly
Flexor carpi
wrist flexion
Flexor digitorum
—finger flexion
*Extensor carpi
—wrist extension
*Extensor digitorum
—finger extension
