Tissues And Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What holds cells together? (4)

A
  • Cell to cell adhesion molecules
  • Extracellular matrix proteins
  • internal external scaffolding
  • pressure caused by close proximity
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2
Q

What do epithelial cells line?

A

All cavities and free surface

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3
Q

Organ definition

A

More than 1 tissue coming together

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4
Q

What do epithelia rest on?

A

Supporting bed of connective tissue
Which attaches the epithelial layer to other tissue

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5
Q

What are the lateral surface adherence systems in epithelia? (3)

A

Tight junctions
Desmosome
Gap junctions

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6
Q

What are the basal surface adherence systems in epithelia? (5)

A

Hemi desmosome
Focal adhesions
Integrins

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7
Q

Role of tight junctions
Where are they found? (2)

A

Prevent movement of large molecules through lumen into deep tissue layers

Intestines
Blood brain barrier

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8
Q

What is paracellular transport?

A

When solvent move across an epithelial cell layer through the tight junctions between cells

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9
Q

Role of adhesion junctions
What are they made of?
How are they found?

A

Tissue stability and transport barrier - adhesion belt
Intracellular actin filaments
In pairs

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10
Q

What is the strongest method of adhesion?

A

Desmosome

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11
Q

What is the function of desmosome?
Where are they found?

A

Mechanical strength and prevent tissue destrucitons

Tissue that experiences mechanical stress - like the skin

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12
Q

Function of gap junctions
Where are they found?

A

Communicate changes in intercellular molecular composition - allows free movement of small molecules, allows waves of electrical impulses

Cardiac and smooth muscle cells

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13
Q

What attaches a hemidesomsome to the basal lamina?
Role?

A

Intergrin

Anchors epithelial cells to basal lamina and prevents loss to external surface

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14
Q

What is the basal lamina attached to?

A

Connective tissue

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15
Q

Function of basal surface focal adhesion?
What links cells to the basement membrane?

A

Anchor actin filaments to the basement membrane

Integrins

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16
Q

Name the three types of muscle cells

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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17
Q

What is the role of integrins?
Give an example of one

A

Hold tissue together, work as an alpha beta dimer

Skin

18
Q

What are the two layers of the basement membrane?

A

Basal Lamina - clear and dense

Reticular - denser

19
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

20
Q

Define the mucosal membrane

A

The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities

21
Q

Functions of the mucosal membrane

A

Lubricates
Keeps tissue moist
Stops pathogens and dirt entering the body

22
Q

Two points about the mucosal membrane

A

Lines hollow internal organs
Continuous with the skin

23
Q

What are the five layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

24
Q

Describe the mucosa

A

Epithelial cell lining
Supports the mesenchymal layer

25
Q

Describe the musularis

A

Thin discontinuous smooth muscle layer

26
Q

Describe the submucosa

A

Connective tissue layer
Contains arteries and veins

27
Q

Which layer in the GI tract contains arteries and veins?

A

Submucosa

28
Q

Describe the muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle layer that has muscle fibres in two different directions - inner circular and outer longitudinal

29
Q

Which layer in the GI tract supports the mesenchymal layer?

A

Mucosa

30
Q

Describe the serosa

A

Connective tissue layer
Has collagen, small arteries and veins

31
Q

Explain three oesophageal structure function relationships

A

Epithelium - stratified squamous to withstand abrasion
Submucosa - contain mucus secreting glands
Muscularis externa - smooth muscle layer to return to original dimension (peristalsis)

32
Q

Three functions of the mucosa in the GI tract

A

Absorb substances from lumen
Prevents ingress of pathogens
Move contents and expels waste

33
Q

What helps the mucosa to move contents and expels waste

A

Muscularis externa performs peristalsis

34
Q

What helps the mucosa absorb substances from lumen

A

Epithelial cell specialisations
Muscularis mucosae folds mucosa to increase surface area

35
Q

What helps the mucosa prevent ingress of pathogens

A

Epithelial cell specialisations
Lamina propria contains lymphatic tissue to aid process
Muscularis mucosae folds mucosa to increase surface area

36
Q

What are the two sections of the respiratory tract?

A

Conducting - nasal cavity to bronchioles
Respiratory - respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

37
Q

How is the structure of the trachea and bronchi different?

A

Bronchi have a cartilage ring

38
Q

Name two key feature of the structure of bronchi that relates to the function

A

Mucosa - covered in cilia
Submucosa + epithelium - secrete mucus, serum proteins to lubrixate, lysozyme to destroy bacteria

39
Q

What does the bronchi not have?

A

Outer layer of smooth muscle

40
Q

Three key properties of the alveolus connected to the function

A

Folds - allow for expansion
Collagen at the junctions provide to the mucosa - allow to recoil