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Body Logistics > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

The process of the cell changing shape

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2
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occur?

A

In the fallopian uterine tube - the ampulla

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3
Q

What do endoderm cells become?

A

Lining of the gastrointestinal tract
Lungs
Liver, pancreas, stomach, intestines, oesophagus

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4
Q

What do mesoderm cells become?

A

Muscles
Skin
Bones
Heart, kidneys, bladder, testies

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5
Q

What do ectoderm cells become?

A

Outer layer of skin
Sweat glands
Hair
Nervous system

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6
Q

What is the name of a zygote that has divided into 16 cells?

A

Morula

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7
Q

What is the name given to the process of the zygote mitotically dividing?

A

Cleavage

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8
Q

What is the name of a fertilised egg cell?

A

Zygote

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9
Q

What happens after cleavage to for a blastocyst?

A

Compaction

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10
Q

What is the name of the glycoprotein membrane surrounding the morula?

A

Zona pellucida

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11
Q

What is the cavity in a blastocyst called?

A

Blastocyst cavity

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12
Q

What does cleavage first produce?

A

2 blastomeres

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13
Q

What is the potency of the cells in a morula?

A

Totipotent - can become any type of cell

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14
Q

What is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis?

A

Used in assisted reproductive technique
Removal of cell from morula
Tested for heritable conditions
Prior to transfer into mother

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15
Q

What is the stage after cleavage and the formation of the morula?

A

Compaction

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16
Q

What is the name of the cell after compaction?

A

Blastocyst

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17
Q

What are the inner and outer cell masses of a blastocyst called?

A

Inner - embryoblast
Outer - trophoblast

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18
Q

What is the potency of cells after compaction?

A

Pluripotent - can become many cells

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19
Q

What are the next stages after compaction?

A

Hatching and implantation

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20
Q

What do the trophoblasts differentiate into?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts
Cytotrophoblasts

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21
Q

What do the embryoblsats differentiate into?

A

Epiblasts
Hypoblasts
(The bilaminer disk)

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22
Q

What week do the epiblasts and trophoblasts differentiate?

A

Week 2

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23
Q

What is the top layer of the epiblast?

A

Epiblast

24
Q

What is the small cavity within the bilaminer disk?
Which layer?

A

Amniotic cavity
Epiblast

25
Q

What is the name given to the fused vacuoles in the uterine?

A

Lacunae

26
Q

What is the name of the larger cavity?

A

Primitive yolk sac

27
Q

Where is the primitive yolk sac positioned?

A

Between the hypoblasts and cytotrophoblasts

28
Q

What has to happen for uteroplacental circulation to begin?

A

Lacuna becomes continuous with the sinusoids (maternal capillaries)

29
Q

What forms the secondary yolk sac?

A

Primitive yolk sac pinches off

30
Q

What forms the chorionic cavity?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm merge

31
Q

What is the embryo suspended by?
What will it eventually become?

A

Connecting stalk
Umbilical cord

32
Q

What is the streak in the bilaminer disk call?

A

Primitive streak

33
Q

What does the bilaminer disk become?
What is it made from?

A

Trilaminer disk
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
(Germ layers)

34
Q

What do the mesoderm cells differentiate into?

A

Notochord cells

35
Q

What forms the neural tube?

A

The ectoderm folding inwards

36
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation anywhere other than the uterine body - commonly the Fallopian tubes

37
Q

What is placenta praevia?

A

Implantation in the lower uterine segment
Placenta blocks the cervix
Can cause haemorrhage due to the vulnerable blood vessels of the placenta

38
Q

When are 50% zygotes lost?

A

First 2-3 weeks

39
Q

What comes first neurulation or gastrulation?

A

Gastrulation

40
Q

When does gastrulation happen?

A

Third week

41
Q

What does the dermatome become?

A

Dermis - the skin

42
Q

What does the myotome become?

A

Muscles

43
Q

What does the sclerotome become?

A

Bones

44
Q

When does cleavage take place?

A

Week 1

45
Q

When does implantation take place?

A

Week 1

46
Q

When does hatching take place?

A

Week 1

47
Q

When does the bilaminer disk form?

A

Week 2

48
Q

What happens on day 9?

A

The yolk sac forms

49
Q

What happens on day 14?

A

Chorionic cavity is formed

50
Q

When does the secondary yolk sac form?

A

Day 13

51
Q

What happens on day 12?

A

Uteroplacental circulation begins

52
Q

What does the notochord become?

A

The vertebral column - spinal chord

53
Q

What do somites become?

A

Vertebral column, ribs and extensor muscles of spine

54
Q

What do the somatic layers become?

A

Diaphragm and limb muscles

55
Q

What forms the muscles of the heart?

A

Splanchnic layer

56
Q

What is a splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Overlies the endoderm and is a layer continuous with mesoderm covering the yolk sac

57
Q

What is the somatic mesoderm?

A

The outer layer formed after the split of the lateral plate mesoderm

Body Logistics (9 decks)

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