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Body Logistics > Examining Cells > Flashcards

Examining Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define tisssue

A

Woven

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2
Q

Name four tissue classifications

A

Muscle, nerves, epithelial, connective

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3
Q

How does epithelial tissue communicate?

A

Through junctions at their lateral and basal surfaces

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4
Q

Four properties of epithelial tissue

A
  • on the edge of other tissue or surrounding them
  • form glands when in clusters
  • polarised when at surfaces
  • held together by anchoring proteins
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5
Q

What type of membrane does epithelial tissue have on the basal?

A

Basement

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6
Q

What are connective tissues made from?

A

Cells, extra cellular proteins, glycoproteins and gel

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7
Q

Name three mains cells in connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes

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8
Q

Main products of connective tissue

A
  • fibres
  • wax and gel materials
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9
Q

What are the three muscle cells muscle tissue is made from

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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10
Q

Three functions of muscle tissue

A
  • movement
  • stability
  • movement of tissue
    (Made function to contract)
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11
Q

Minor functions of hormones

A
  • natriuretic factors (for the heart)
  • myostatin (regulates the heart muscle)
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12
Q

What do nerve cells congregate into?

A

Nerve fibres

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13
Q

What is the main role of nerve tissue?

A

Communication

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14
Q

What is the standard measurement for a cell

A

Um

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15
Q

What is used to measure a cell?

A

A measurement graticule

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16
Q

What is the limit of resolution

A

The smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and still be distinguishable as two separate objects

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17
Q

Tissue procurement methods

A
  • endometrial sample (upper uterus)
  • venepuncture (intravenously)
  • bone marrow aspiration
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18
Q

Why do you use a buffered formalin solution during fixation?

A

To prevent the cell from swelling

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19
Q

In basic terms what is fixation?

A

To preserve cells and tissue components

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20
Q

What is the step after fixation?

A

Washing and dehydration

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21
Q

What is the most common fixation chemical and why is it isotonic with the intracellular fluid?

A

Formalin
Allows better penetration of the formaldehyde

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22
Q

Name two properties of the sample during fixation and why

A

Small - fixation needs to be rapid
24-48 hours - no longer or they will shrink

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23
Q

X

A
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24
Q

Why use paraffin wax?

A

It is fluid when heated but hardens when solid

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25
Q

What happens in washing?

A

The tissue is washed in a series of alcohol solutions
Then in solvents

26
Q

What is the key characteristic of the solvents

A

Miscible with both alcohol and hot paraffin wax (completely dissolved in each other)

27
Q

What happens to tissue after being washed with the solvent?

A

It is immersed in hot paraffin wax overnight
Then placed in a mold
More hot wax over to completely cover
Set aside to harden fully (can now be stored indefinitely)

28
Q

What is used to cut the hardened specimen?

A

Microtome

29
Q

What blade can a microtome use?

A

Steel
Glass
Diamond knife

30
Q

Where is the cut specimen then put and why?

A

A warm water bath (using a fine paintbrush)
The surface tension causes the section to stretch slightly - cutting artefacts are reduced

31
Q

What can you cover the microscope slid with and why?

A

A sticky substance
Specimen adheres when dry

32
Q

What must you do to the paraffin section before you can look at it through a microscope?

A

Dissolve
Rehydrate
With different percentage of alcohols
Stain it

33
Q

What are common stains used?

A

Haematoxylin
Eosin

34
Q

How do you stain using haematoxylin?
And what does it bind to?

A

Immerse in an aqueous solution of haematoxylin
It is basic, so will bind to acidic structures (DNA, RNA)

35
Q

How do you then stain with eosin?
And what does it bind to?

A

Wash it in water and alcohol - eosin is more soluble in alcohol
Immerse in eosin
Binds to basic structures because is acidic (cytoplasm, collagen - intra and extra cellular proteins)
Wash with more alcohol because mounting

36
Q

How do you mount a specimen?

A

On a non-aqueous mounting medium
Apply a cover slip
Wait for the solvents to evaporate

37
Q

What do immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence use?

A

Labelled antibodies
Targeting specific antigens

38
Q

What are the antibodies in immunofluorescence bound to?

A

Dyes

39
Q

What can you add to the after adding a primary antibody?
What is this called?

A

Enzyzme activated secondary antibody - precipitate a coloured product at the site of interaction
Indirect immunohistochemistry (even more sensitive)

40
Q

Why are antigen retrieval methods used?

A

Protein structure may have been altered by tissue processing procedures

41
Q

Describe antigen retrieval

A

Heated - partial digestion
In the presence of a weak acid

42
Q

Why does antigen retrieval work on less robust tissue samples?
So what would you use?

A

They cannot be heated
A frozen section

43
Q

Why can more components be seen using an electron microscope?

A

Higher resolution

44
Q

What is the limit resolution mean?

A

Minimum distance at which two objects can be distinguished

45
Q

Five comparisons of light and electron microscopes

A

L - colour E - black and white
L - cheaper and easier preparation
L - living, moving
L - lower magnification
L - lower resolution

46
Q

What type of microscope is confocal?

A

Scanning

47
Q

How does a confocal microscope work?

A
  1. Laser excites dye - electrons raised to higher energy level
  2. Electrons relax back to ground state
  3. Light with a higher wavelength emitted
  4. Emitted light sent to mirrors and a pinhole screens to CMOS detector
48
Q

Why can a confocal microscope give a 3D image?

A

Multiple images taken
Computer places them in order
Creating a Z stack

49
Q

What are confocal microscopes used for?

A

Evaluating eye diseases

50
Q

What are the five steps on preparing live cells?

A
  1. Cutting and dicing
  2. Collagenase and DNAse (enzymes used to ‘break’ the cells apart)
  3. Centrifugation
  4. Put in appropriate growth medium
  5. Culture cells
51
Q

What sort of microscope is used to look at live cells?

A

Phase contrast

52
Q

Three advantages of cell culture

A
  • control over physical environment
  • homogeneity (one type)
  • reduced need for animals
53
Q

Three disadvantages of cell cultures

A
  • hard to maintain (sterile)
  • small amount at a high cost
  • dedifferentiation
54
Q

What is dark field?

A

Illuminate sample of live cells
Light not collected by objective lens
- black background with bright objects

55
Q

What type of electron microscope gives a 3D image?

A

Scanning

56
Q

Why can you see an oocyte?

A

Bigger than the resolving power of the eye

57
Q

What is H&E?

A

Haematoxylin
Eosin

58
Q

Smallest organelle to see with a light microscope?

A

Nucleolus

59
Q

Why is hard to look at fat under the microscope?

A

Fat dissolves in the alcohol during the preparation method
When using H&E

60
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

Red blood cell

Body Logistics (9 decks)

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