Tissues Flashcards
Merocrine (eccrine)
Type of secretion where cell uses vesicles, by exocytosis
Holocrine
Type of secretion where cell disintegrates after the accumulation of a product
Appocrine
secreting by exocytosis, but much larger vesicles than merocrine
Serous gland type of secretion
Thin watery fluids
Sweat tears milk
Mucous gland type of secretion
Secrete mucin + h2o = sticky mucus
Goblet mouth tongue
Mixed type of secretion
Both serous and mucous
Salivary
Cytogenic
Type of secretion where cells release whole cells
Testes and ovaries
Endocrine type of gland
No contact with surface, no duct. Secrete into blood vessel. Hormones (Chem messengers)
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Combined exo and endo glands
Into duct and blood
Liver, kidney
Cutaneous membrane
Consist of epidermis (simple squamous) and dermis (dense irregular connective tissue)
Relatively dry
Protects from dehydration and infections
Synovial membrane
Lines some joints
Consist of connective tissue only
Span the gap btw bones
Secretes slippery synovial fluid
What does mucous membrane consist of?
- epithelium
- Areolar conn tissue (lamina propria)
- A layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae)
Where mucous membrane is located?
Lines passages that open to the exterior environment (digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts)
Where serous membranes?
Line the inside of the body cavities
Form a smooth OUTER surface of some viscera
Mesothelium
Epithelial component of pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum
Endothelium
Lines circulatory system
Derived from mesoderm
Tunica interna
Membrane of blood vessels and endocardium of the heart
Consist of:
- Endothelium
- Thin Areolar layer
- Elastic sheet
Hyperplasia
Tissue growth through cell multiplication
Embryonic and childhood
Hypertrophy
The enlargement of peer costing cells
Skeletal muscle or adipose tissue
Neoplasia
Development of a tumor composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue
Differentiation
The development of more specialized form and function
Mesenchyme to muscle
Metaplasia
A change from one type of mature tissue to another
Vagina, nasal cavity, smokers bronchi
Developmental plasticity
Diversity of mature cell types to which stem cells can give rise
Totipotency
Embryonic stem cell that have unlimited developmental plasticity
Blastocyst stage
4 days after fertilization:
Outer cell mass - placenta and such
Inner cell mass - pluripotent
Pluripotent
Embryonic stem cells that can develop into anything in embryo, but not into accessories of pregnancy
Functions of adult stem cells
Replace old and dead
Contribute to growth
Repair damaged tissue
Multipotent
Of adult stem cells: can differentiate into 2 or more diff cell lines, but not just any type of body cell
Bone marrow
Unipotent
Of adult stem cells - most limited plasticity
Cells that give rise to sperm, egg, keratinocytes
Regeneration
Replacement of dead cells by the same types of cells as before. Restores normal function to the organ
Skin, liver
Fibrosis
Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts.
Helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function.
Muscle, lung, severe wound
Atrophy
Shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number
Senile atrophy
Normal aging
Disuse atrophy
Lack of use of an organ
Necrosis
Premature pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infections
Infarction
Sudden death of tissue that occurs when its blood supply is cut off
Gangrene
Any tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection
Decubitus ulcer
Bed sore, pressure sore
Type of dry gangrene
Gas gangrene
Bacteria of the genus Clostridium
Contamination with soil
Blebbing
Bubbling of plasma membrane in cells dying by necrosis
Rupture
Inflammatory response
Macrophages
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Shrink - phagocytized
Protein Fas of absence of growth factors
Endonuclease
Chops up DNA
Protease
Destroys cellular proteins
Fibroblasts
Produce matrix (ground substance + fibers
Macrophages
Arise from WBC
Large phagocytize cells engulf and destroy bacteria, sense antigens, activate the immune system
Neutrophils
Type of leucocytes that attack bacteria
Lymphocytes
React agains bacteria
Plasma cells
Synthesis of antibodies
Mast cells
Secrete : heparin (inhibits blood clotting)
Histamine (increase blood flow by dilating)
Fibrocyte
A mature older fibroblast
Collagenous fiber
“white”
Tough, flexible, resist stretching
25%
Reticular fiber
Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins
Spongelike network in spleen and lymph nodes)
Elastic fiber
Thin, branches, coils, stretchy
“yellow”
Skin, arteries, lungs spring back
Simple squamous functions
Allow rapid diffusion
Secretes lubricating serous fluid
Simple squamous location
- Inner lining (endothelium) of heart and blood vessels
- serous membranes
- surface mesothelium in pleura
- pericardium, peritoneum, mesenteries
- air sacs (alveoli) in lungs
Simple cuboidal functions
Absorption
Secretion
Production of mucus
Movement of respiratory mucus
Simple cuboidal location
Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary and other glands
Most kidney tubules
Bronchioles
Simple columnar ciliated
Propels mucus or reproductive cells
Small bronchi, uterine tubes
Some regions of uterus
Simple columnar non-ciliated
Absorption, secretion of mucus and enzymes
Digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory duct of some glands
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
Trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
Propels mucus (smokers)
Pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated
Secretion
Male sperm carrying duct
Ducts of the large glands
Stratified squamous keratinized
Protection
Basal cells can be cuboidal or columnar
Epidermis
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized
Protection
Tongue, oral mucosa
Esophagus, vagina
Stratified cuboidal
Secretion
Sweat gland ducts, egg producing vesicles of ovaries, sperm producing duct of testes
Mammary and salivary
Stratified columnar
Rare, protection, secretion
Small amount in male urethra
Large ducts of some glands
Transitional epithelium
Distended or empty
Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract
Part of kidney, ureter, urethra, bladder.
Umbilical cord
areolar “proper” loose connective tissue
Wraps and cushions organs
surrounds blood vessels and nerves
part of lamina propria
reticular loose connective tissue
mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblast
usually dark stained
suspension of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow.
Elastic connective tissue (loose)
wavy collagen + branching elastic fibers
vocal cords, ligaments of penis
pumps in large in medium arteries
Dense regular connective tissue
few blood vessels
tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)
Dense irregular connective tissue
resistant to unpredictable stresses
Dermis of skin
capsules around viscera
adipose tissue
white and brown fat (no ATP mitochondria)
subcutaneous fat beneath skin
protective cushion for some organs
Hyaline cartilage
glassy
usually covered by perichondrium
ends of bones
fetal skeleton
boxlike enclosure of larynx
the growth zone of long bones in kids
Elastic cartilage
always covered by perichondrium
mesh amid lacunae
external ear
epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
parallel collagen fibers and rows of chondrocytes
never has a perichondrium
intervertebral discs
menisci
resists compression and absorbs shock
Bone
osseous tissue
can be spongy and compact
the bone as a whole covered by tough fibrous periostenum
bone matrix
concentric lamellae of osteon
canaliculi
osteocytes contact each other
Haversian canal
central or osteonic - blood vessels and nerves
osteoblast
lacunae and osteocytes
blood
fluid connective tissue, more ground substance (blood plasma) than cells (formed elements)
erythrocytes
RBC most abundant, no nuclei
platelets
blood cell fragments, involve in clotting, secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance
concentric lamellae
arrangment of lacunae in circles around the central canal
interstitial lamellae
the remnants of circumferential lamellae that have been broken down
