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A&P 231 > bone tissue > Flashcards

bone tissue Flashcards

1
Q

6 functions of skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Electrolyte balance
  5. Acid-base balance
  6. Blood formation
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2
Q

4 major types of bones

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
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3
Q

spongy bone in the cranium

A

diploe

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4
Q

2 layers of periosteum

A
  1. tough outer fibrous layer of collagen (+perforating, Sharpey fibers)
  2. Inner osteogenic layer - forming cells
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5
Q

where endosteum can be found

A

lines internal marrow cavity, surfaces of spongy bone

lines canal systems of compact bone

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6
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that develop from mesenchyme

give rise to to most other bone cell types

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7
Q

osteoprogenitor

A

osteoblasts in mitotic (productive) stage.

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8
Q

osteoblast

A

bone forming cells (soft organic matter of matrix), non mitotic
single layer on the bone surface under endosteum and periosteum
secrete osteocalcin

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9
Q

osteocytes

A
  • contribute to the homeostasis maintanance of both bone density and Ca/P concentration in blood.
  • have strain sensors (regulate bone remodeling)
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10
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • develop from bone marrow cell that give rise to blood cells
  • large, multinuclei
  • ruffled border to increase the surface for bone resorption
  • often reside in pits (resorption bags/Howship lacunae)
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11
Q

organic part of matrix

A

synthesized by osteoblasts

Collagen+protein+carbohydrate complexes

allows flexibility

osteoid tissue

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12
Q

inorganic part of matrix

A

85% of hydroxyapatite (crystalized calcium-phosphate salts)
other minerals

allows strength and durabulity

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13
Q

2 main structures of spongy bone

A

Spicules (rods or spines) and trabeculae (thin plates) align along the lines of stress

no need for central canals

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14
Q

other 2 names for red bone marrow

A

homopoietic

myeloid tissue

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15
Q

other 2 names for bone formation

A

ossification or osteogenesis

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16
Q

general characteristic of intramembranous ossification

A
  • in fetus and infants
  • produces the flat bones of the skull and clavicle bone
  • develop within the fibrous sheet similar to the dermis of skin = dermal bones
17
Q

4 stages of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. mesenchyme condenses, cell enlarge and diff into osteogenic cells. Trabeculae created
  2. diff into osteoblasts and deposit an organic matrix. Deposition of calcium. Surface mesenchyme remains uncalcified and forms periosteum.
  3. Minerals deposited. Osteoclast create marrow cavity.
  4. Surface trabeculae calcify and become a compact bone.
18
Q

general characteristics of endochondral ossification

A

the bone is preceded by hyaline cartilage model

most bones of the body

19
Q

5 stages of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Creating a hyaline cartilage model of the future bone with perichondrium from mesenchyme. (chondrocytes)
  2. diff into osteoblasts = thin bony collar around the middle. Perichondrium becomes periosteum
    primary ossification center is created (enlargement, death, merging of lacunae)
    3.invasion on primary oss center by blood vessels = primary marrow cavity.
    metaphysis - the region of transition form cartilage into bone
    Second ossification center is created in epiphysis.
  3. At birth. Secondary marrow cavity is formed and expands outward from the center.
  4. Infancy and childhood. Cartilage is limited to articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.
  5. bone elongation through metaphysis, closing out of epiphyseal plates.
20
Q

what is metaphysis

A

transitional zone of epiphyseal plate facing the marrow cavity

21
Q

zones of metaphysis 4

A
  1. Zone of reserved cartilage. typical hyaline, farthest from marrow cavity.
  2. Zone of cell proliferation. multiplication of chondrocytes and rows of flattened lacunae
  3. Zone of hypertrophy. Enlargement. thin walls of lacunae
    4-5 Zones of temporary calcification and then bone deposition. Chondrocytes die, walls break down, invasion by bone marrow. Concentric lamellae is laid down.
22
Q

What is interstitial growth

A

bone elongation as a result of cartilage growth from within by the multiplication of chondrocytes and deposition of new matrix in the interior.

23
Q

what is appositional growth

A

growth in diameter and thickness. Deposition of a new tissue on surface (circumferential lamellae). Similar for intramembranous ossification. Widening of marrow cavity

24
Q

wollff’s law of bone

A

the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it. The bone adapts to withstand those stresses.

25
Q

ectopic ossification

A

forming of osseous tissue outside of the bone. (calculus)

26
Q

general functions of Ca

A
  • communication among neurons
  • muscle contraction
  • blood clotting
  • exocytosis
  • 2nd and 3rd messengers
  • cofactors for many enzymes
27
Q

General function of P

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

acid-base balance

28
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

exessive excitability of the nervous system

29
Q

tetany

A

inability of muscle to relax. Can cause laryngospasm

30
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

depression of nervous system, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes.

31
Q

calcitriol

A 
hormone, most active form of vit D
Raises the blood Ca concentration by
1.incr absorption by small intestine
2.incr Ca resorption by stimulating the production of osteoclasts
3.weakly absorption by kidneys.

also promotes bone depostiong

32
Q

calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland secretes when the blood calcium are too high)

  1. osteoclasts inhibition
  2. osteoblast stimulation
33
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

secreted when Ca is low, very sensitive

  1. promotes production of osteoclasts
  2. Ca resorption by kidneys.
  3. promotes final step of calcitriol synthesis in kidneys
  4. inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts
34
Q

4 stages of fracture healing

A
  1. Formation of hematoma and granulation tissue (soft fibrous mass from blood clot)
  2. formation of soft callus (patches of fibrocartilage)
  3. Conversion to hard callus. bony collar. 4-6 weeks to form, 3-6 months
  4. Remodeling
    spongy bone and then compact bone (similar to intramembranous ossification)

A&P 231 (9 decks)

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