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BIOSCI 107 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up an osteon? (4)

A

Lacunae
Lamellae
Canaliculi
Central Haversian Canal

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2
Q

What is the structure of lamellae?

A

Concentric rings

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3
Q

What is the structure of canaliculi?

A

Minute canals

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4
Q

What is the structure of central Haversian canal?

A

Cavity

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5
Q

What is the structure of lacunae?

A

Gap/cavity

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6
Q

What do the lamellae contain? and function.

A

Mineralised salts for hardness, mineralised collagen for tensile strength

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7
Q

What do the canaliculi contain? and function.

A

Osteocytic processes and extracellular fluid: provide routes, links to other osteocytes via gap junctions

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8
Q

What does the central Haversian canal contain? and function.

A

Nerves, blood vessels, lymph vessels for exchange of nutrients and waste.

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9
Q

What do the lacunae contain? and function.

A

Osteocytes, they are the lakes.

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10
Q

Where can they be found?

  • Lacunae
  • Canaliculi
A
  1. Between the lamellae

2. Radiate out of lacunae

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11
Q

What makes up blood?

A

Blood plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC, granular and agranular), megakaryocytes (platelets)

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12
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

They are RBC transport O2 and CO2

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13
Q

What is the function of megakaryocytes?

A

They are produced in the red bone marrow and produce platelets which are for blood clots.

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14
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

Combat disease (WBC)

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15
Q

What are the subsets of leucocytes? Put them into 2 groups.

A

Agranular:

  1. Monocytes (activated version is macrophages, phagocytosis, engulf bacteria)
  2. B Lymphocyte ( become plasma cells)
  3. T Lymphocyte (help cells in immune response)

Granular:

  1. Neutrophil (first line of defence, phagocytosis, many at the site of inflammation)
  2. Eosinophil ( deal with some parasitic worms and acute allergic response)
  3. Basophil (secrete histamine to intensity inflammatory system, e.g. mast cells)
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16
Q

What is the function of epithelia? (SAPEF)

A

Protection, secretion, filtration, absorption, excretion

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17
Q

What germ layers would you find in epithelial tissue?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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18
Q

What germ layers would you find in CT?

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

What germ layers would you find in muscle tissue?

A

Mesoderm

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20
Q

What germ layers would you find in nervous tissue?

A

Ectoderm

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21
Q

Examples of mesoderm?

A

Bone, blood, heart

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22
Q

Examples of ectoderm?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, epithelium of the skin, the lining of GI tract (except oral and anal canal)

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23
Q

Examples of endoderm?

A

The epithelium of its associated glands (stomach and intestines)

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24
Q

How are epithelium cells arranged

A

Continuous sheets

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25
Q

Give an example of one sheet and multiple layers.

A

Skin

Abdominal organ

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26
Q

How are the sheets held together?

A

Cell Junctions

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27
Q

List all the cell junctions.

A

Tight, Adherens, Desmosomes, Gap, Hemidesmosomes.

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28
Q

What is a junctional complex?

A

Consists of tight, adherens, and desmosomes.

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29
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton in a cell?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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30
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments? and an example.

A

Keratin, strength and move materials to the cytoplasm

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31
Q

What is the function of a microfilament? (5)

A
  1. give strength
  2. link cytoplasm to the membrane
  3. muscle contraction
  4. alters cell shape
  5. keep cells together
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32
Q

What do the microfilaments look like?

A

Bundles beneath cell membrane and cytoplasm.

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33
Q

Example of microfilament.

A

Actin

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34
Q

Apical surface?

A

Free surface

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35
Q

What junction can we find in the lateral surface?

A

Every junction EXCEPT hemidesmosomes

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36
Q

What is the basal junction, and what does it do?

A

Hemidesmosome attaches to the surface

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37
Q

What is the structure of the tight junction?

A

Individual sealing strands, the more strands, the stronger the seal. Close to the microvilli (the whitish thing on the very surface) of the cell as it “seals the cell TIGHTLY together”

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38
Q

What does ‘electrically tight’ mean?

A

Many strands in a tight junction

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39
Q

What is tight junction made out of?

A

Many proteins but mainly occludins and claudins

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40
Q

What are the functions of the tight junction? (3)

A
  1. Join cytoskeletons
  2. Keep cell polarity, prevention of ions migrating, leaking of proteins between apical and basal.
  3. Seal the cell to prevent water and solutes from passing through cells.
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41
Q

What do tight junctions look like in histology slide?

A

Dense, right at the top near apical layer

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42
Q

What is the structure of adherens junctions?

A

Cadherins span the gap, cadherin link catenins to actin

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43
Q

What is another name of adherens junction?

A

Belt junction/desmosome

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44
Q

What is the function of adherens?

A

Bind cells together, strengthen it

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45
Q

Adherens Belt is found…

A

Below the Tight Junction, near the Basal

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46
Q

Adherens Belt functions are… (3)

A
  1. “Adheres” which belts around cells, keeps them bound together
  2. When pulled on each other, it supports/stop pulling apart
  3. Catenins link Cadherins (like a zip/bridge attach to each other) to Actin (micro-filament)
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47
Q

Adherens Belt Histology

A

Blurry and gappy looking after the Tight Junction

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48
Q

Desmosomes Junction is found…

A

Lateral wall

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49
Q

Desmosomes Junction functions are: (2)

A
  1. Overcome shearing forces, hold cells together under physical stress
  2. Cell surface links to Keratin (cytoskeleton; intermediate filament) and Cadherins spans the gaps. Same as adherens but not cadherins, KERATIN
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50
Q

Desmosomes Junction Histology

A

The intermediate line with radiating dense filaments, protein fibres radiating out.

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51
Q

Gap Junctions are found..

A

Found in the Lateral wall

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52
Q

Gap Junctions functions are… (2)

A
  1. Rapid communication (allows small signalling molecules to pass through the gaps like a channel)
  2. Rapid conduction (allows ions to freely move)
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53
Q

Gap Junction Structure

A

6 Connexins (protein molecule) = 1 Connexon (hemi channel)

2 Connexons = Gap Junction

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54
Q

Hemidesmosomes Junction are found…

A

Found in Basal. Linking cellular basal to BM

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55
Q

Hemidesmosomes binds…

A

Keratin links Integrin to Laminin

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56
Q

What makes up the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina

Reticular lamina

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57
Q

How is the basal lamina formed?

A

Epithelial tissue secretes cells

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58
Q

What is reticular lamina made out of?

A

Secreted by fibroblasts (cells in underlying CT) with fibrous proteins, collagen and fibronectin

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59
Q

Where is the BM?

A

Inbetween the CT an epithelial tissue.

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60
Q

What is the function of the BM?

A

Support underlying epithelium

Provide a surface which epithelial cells migrate during growth and wound healing

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61
Q

What do the epithelia contain? nerves? blood vessels?

A

Nerves but NO BLOOD. AVASCULAR

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62
Q

How does the exchange of nutrients and waste take place in the epithelial tissue?

A

By diffusion from vessels to CT

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63
Q

What is a gland?

A

a single group of cells that secrete substances into ducts onto a surface or blood.

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64
Q

What are the two types of glandular epithelial tissue?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

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65
Q

What is the function of endocrine glandular?

A

secrete directly into blood usually through interstitial fluids

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66
Q

Give two types of epithelial endocrine glands

A

thyroid, pituitary,

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67
Q

What is the function of exocrine gland? and examples

A

secrete into ducts which empty onto the surface of a covering or lining epithelia.

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68
Q

Give examples of exocrine glands.

A

Sweat, salivary, wax.

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69
Q

What would be a single cell exocrine gland be and what is it?

A

Goblet cell mucous cells which produce mucous in large secretory walls.

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70
Q

How many types of multicellular glands are there? List them.

A 
Simple branched acinar 
Simple branched tubular
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular
Simple acinar

Compound tubular
Compound acinar
Compuound tubloacinar

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71
Q

What determines if it is acinar or tubular?

A

Tubular, like a test tube shape, straight and tubed ended.

Acinar, sac-like pockets

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72
Q

Simple branched acinar

A

sebaceous glands

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73
Q

Simple branched tubular

A

gastric glands, mucous glands, duodenum, oesophagus, tongue

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74
Q

Simple acinar

A

stage in the embryonic development of simple branched glands

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75
Q

Simple coiled tubular

A

mecronine sweat glands

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76
Q

Compound tubular

A

mucous glands in mouth, bulbo urethral, glands in male repro

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77
Q

Compound acinar

A

Mammary glands

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78
Q

Compound acinartubular

A

SAlivary glands, glands at resp passages, pancreas

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79
Q

Organ which is exocrine and endocrine?

A

Pancreas

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80
Q

SEE YOUR FLOWCHART AND EXPLAIN THE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A

Arrangement and Shape

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81
Q

What are the two types of epithelial?

A

Covering and lining

Glandular

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82
Q

What is the role of covering and lining epithelial?

A

Cover exposed surfaces and internal organs

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83
Q

What kind of cells would you find covering and lining epithelial?

A

Scattered secretory cells

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84
Q

What are the two types of covering and lining epithelial?

A

Outer and inner covering

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85
Q

Where do you find outer covering epithelial?

A

Covers skin and organs

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86
Q

Where do you find inner covering and lining epithelial?

A

Blood vessels interior of DURR systems ducts and body cavities

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87
Q

In which glands do you find endocrine tissue?

A

Those which secrete hormones or precursors into interstitial fluid

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88
Q

How are covering and lining epithelial classified?

A

Shape and arrangement of cells

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89
Q

What does squamous epithelial look like and what is their unique feature?

A

Thin, irregular, looks like fried eggs, flat and the most delicate, diffusion.

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90
Q

What does columnar epithelial look like and what is their unique feature?

A

More tall as they are wide, secretion and absorption

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91
Q

What does cuboidal epithelial look like and what is their unique feature?

A

About as tall as they are wide, secretion and absorption

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92
Q

What does transitional epithelial look like and what is their unique feature?

A

when relaxed they are dome shaped and look like scallops but when they are stretched they look more flat .

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93
Q

What does the arrangement do? Simple

A

Single layer, for secretion absorption, filtration

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94
Q

What does the arrangement do? stratified?

A

2 or more layers regular arrangement, protection.

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95
Q

What does the arrangement do? Pseudostratified

A

Appears to have more than 1 layer as nuclei look like they are on top of each other but are not as all cells reach the BM but not all cells reach the apical surface so only one surface in reality

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96
Q

What are simple squamous sub-types?

A

Mesothelium

Endothelium

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97
Q

Where would you find an endothelial tissue type?

A

lining inside of heart and blood vessels

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98
Q

Where would you find mesothelial tissue type?

A

Lining of serous membranes (pericardial, pleura, peritoneal cavities)

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99
Q

Simple columnar sub-types?

A

Ciliated and non ciliated

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100
Q

Where can you find simple cuboidal cells?

A 
Pancreas ducts,
Parts of kidney 
Secretory chambers of thyroid
Lens surface
Pigmented epithelial at posterior of retina
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101
Q

Where can you find simple squamous?

A 
In bowman's capsule
Visceral cavity linings
Inside eye 
Alveoli
Inside heart
Inside blood vessels
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102
Q

What are the features of ciliated simple columnar cell?

A

single layer of hairs which move in a rhythmic beat which are called cilia hairs

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103
Q

What is the ciliated simple columnar function?

A

To assist motility of mucous and foreign objects or oocytes

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104
Q

Where is simple ciliated columnar found?

A 
Some bronchioles
Sinuses
Ventricles of brain 
Fallopian tubes 
Central canal of spinal cord
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105
Q

What are the features of non ciliated simple columnar?

A

A single layer of microvilli on apical surface

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106
Q

What is microvilli?

A

Non motile cytoplasmic projections

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107
Q

What is the function of non-ciliated columnar epithelial?

A

Secretion
Absorption
Lubrication (for goblet cells)

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108
Q

What are the main functions of CT?

A

Bind and support, and strengthen other body tissues
The major transport system of the body
The major site of stored energy

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109
Q

What is the major transport system of the body?

A

Blood in CT

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110
Q

What is the major stored energy reserved?

A

Fat or adipose tissue of the cell

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111
Q

Where is CT not found?

A

On body surfaces

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112
Q

Where is CT found?

A

Inside of the body, where bones, cartilage, blood is located

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113
Q

What is the main feature of CT

A

Highly vascular except cartilage and tendons - very little blood supply

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114
Q

What is CT supported by? What are the exceptions?

A

Nerves but not cartilage

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115
Q

What is the equation of CT?

A

ECM + Cells = CT

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116
Q

What is ECM made out of?

A

Ground Substance and Fibres

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117
Q

What is GS made out of?

A

Proteins, water, and sugars (polysaccharides)

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118
Q

What are the subtypes of the fibres component?

A
  1. Elastic
  2. Collagen
  3. Reticular
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119
Q

How are fibres formed?

A

Secreted by ECM cells in different proportions

120
Q

What determines the qualities of CT?

A

The proportions and structure of ECM

121
Q

Give two examples of CT where are different qualities?

A 
Cartilage = ECM is firm and rubbery 
Bone = ECM is hard and inflexible
122
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Protein and glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

123
Q

What other name does proteoglycan have?

A

musopolysaccharides

124
Q

What is a disaccharide unit? Contains what?

A

Amino sugar
Uronic sugar

Both highly polar attracts water

125
Q

What are the two subsets of GAGS?

A

Sulphated and Non-sulphated

126
Q

What do sulphated GAGS do?

A

Bind to a protein core

127
Q

What is the main function of GAG? Why?

A

It traps water, as it is polar

GS becomes more jelly like

128
Q

What does non-sulphated GAG do?

A

Join to various proteoglycans link not directly to the protein core

129
Q

What’s the equation for linking GAGs?

A

GAG + Protein core –> Proteoglycan + Hyaluronic acid –> AGGRECAN

130
Q

Examples of sulphated GAG? Abnormality?

A
  1. CHondroitin
  2. Heparin
  3. Dermatran
  4. Keratan

If an abnormal amount of ECM (GS) so protruding eye results

131
Q

Example of non-sulphated GAG?

A

Hyaluronic Acid

132
Q

Functions of Hyaluronic acid is?

A

To make GS more liquid so they can move more easily in it.

  1. Viscous, slippery substance which cells bind together
  2. Lubricates joints
  3. Maintains the shape of the eyeball
133
Q

How does hyaluronic acid able to perform its function?

A

The enzyme hyaluronidase breaks it down

134
Q

Where is the enzyme produced?

A

WBC, sperm, and some bacteria

135
Q

In repro, when is hyaluronic acid used?

A

The egg is surrounded by it so sperm is able to access it easier

136
Q

What are the features of Collagen fibre?

A

V. strong

Flexible to resist pulling forces

137
Q

What % are we collagen?

A

25%, most abundant protein

138
Q

How is collagen different in different CT and give eg

A

Due to different features, more water around collagen in cartilage than in bone

139
Q

What does collagen look like in histology?

A

THICCC

140
Q

What is reticular fibre made up of?

A

Fine bundles of collagen with a coating of glycoprotein

141
Q

What is reticular fibre made by?

A

Fibroblasts

142
Q

How are the collagen fibre bundles distributed?

A

Forms networks in vessels and through tissues, thinner branching spread through tissue.

143
Q

What are elastic fibres like compared to collagen fibres?

A

Thinner

144
Q

How are elastic fibres distributed?

A

Fibrous network

145
Q

What special features does elastic fibre have?

A

Can stretch 150% w/o breaking

146
Q

Where can elastic fibre be found?

A

Lungs, blood vessels, skin

147
Q

What is the structure of elastic fibres?

A

Protein elastin is surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin (sausage roll)

148
Q

What is up with the sausage roll like structure?

A

Give it more strength and stability

149
Q

What is Marfan syndrome?

A

Defect/mutation is chromosome 15 which codes for fibrillin (350KDA)

150
Q

What is fibrillin?

A

Large glycoprotein contributes to a structural scaffold for elastin

151
Q

Signs of Marfan syndrome are?

A

Tall, skinny, long-limbed chest deformed

152
Q

The result of Marfan syndrome?

A

Weak aortic heart valves and arterial walls

153
Q

How often is Marfan syndrome?

A

1/20,000 births

154
Q

What are the common cells of CT?

A

Adipose and fibroblasts

155
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Found in CT that are migratory move around and can make collagen and other fibres

156
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Fat cells which are found around organs and underneath skin

157
Q

What are the other cells which make up CT

A

macrophages
Plasma cells
Mast Cells
Leukocytes

158
Q

What are macrophages and where can they be found?

A

Phagocytic cells ,fixed or free wandering

159
Q

Location example of fixed macrophages

A

Alveolar tissue

Spleen

160
Q

Location example of wandering macrophaged

A

Sites of inflammation, infection injury

161
Q

What are plasma cells

A

Formed B lymphocytes which produces antibodies

162
Q

Where can plasma cells be found?

A

Many CT but esp in gut and lung and salivary gland, spleen, red bone marrow

163
Q

What do mast cells produce

A

Histamine that dilates vessels

164
Q

where can mast cells be found?

A

along bv

165
Q

What are lekocytes

A

WBC

166
Q

Where can leukocytes be found

A

migrate out from blood

167
Q

Go over yout types flow chart of CT

A

ok

168
Q

What cells are found in loose adipose?

A

adipocytes derived from fibroblasts

169
Q

what 2 types of adipose CT?

A

Brown and white adipose tissue

170
Q

Which type of body will you find white adipose ct

A

vessels incr
so bo incr
heart works harder
adults

171
Q

why is there brown adipose tissue?

A

rich blood supply and numerous pigmented mitochondria

172
Q

what fibres found in loose reticular tissue?

A

reticular fibres

173
Q

what is the structure of loose reticular tissue

A

fine interlacing network of reticular fibres and reticular cells

174
Q

where can reticular tissue be found

A 
stroma of liver 
red bone marrow
spleen 
reticular lamina of BM
lymph nodes
around bv and muscles
175
Q

function of reticular connective tissue

A

forms stroma of organs

filtration in spleen and lymph nodes to remove worn out blood in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

176
Q

what fibres are dense reg?

A

collagen

177
Q

how are the collagen fibres arranged in dense ct

A

more fibres less cells

178
Q

arranged?

A

regularly, 1 directo with rows in between them

179
Q

How can this tissue be identified ( dense reg CT )

A

shing white colour shiny white colour

180
Q

what is the weakness of this tissue

A

slow healing process cos v. low blood supply (think tendon)

181
Q

what is the structure of dense ireg

A

ireg has arranged fibroblasts with FEW fibroblasts and also contain bv so has blood supply

182
Q

where can dense ireg be seen?

A

membrane capsules around various organs (kid, liv, testes, lymph nodes)

reticular region of skin
peristeum of bone
pericardium of heart
perichondrium of cartilage

183
Q

function of the dense ireg

A

resis and withstand forces in many directions

184
Q

what fibres are found in dense elsatic?

A

elastic fibres

185
Q

where can this type of tissue be found dense elastic

A 
lung tissue 
walls of arteries
trachea
bronchial tubes
vocal cords
supensory uganrent of penis 
some ligament between vertabrae
186
Q

function of elastic tissue?

A

allow for stretching of organs strong

187
Q

how can this tissue be identified?

A

appears yellow when stained

188
Q

what is most common ct

A

loose areolar CT

189
Q

what makes up hyaline cartilage

A

collagen fibres and elastic

190
Q

how is hyaline cartilage arranged?

A

dense network

191
Q

structure of this cartilage is

A

fine collagen fibres
GS as a resilient gel
lacunae where chondrocytes are found contains perichondrium and collagen fibres

192
Q

where can hyaline be found?

A

resp cartilage
anterior ends of ribs
ends of long bones
embryonic and fetal skeleton

193
Q

function of hyalin

A

provide smooth surfaces for movement of joints
flexy
support

194
Q

how can identify?

A

bluish shiny white

during staining pink purple

195
Q

what fibres found in fibrocartilage

A

collagen

196
Q

what is the structure of fibrocartilage

A

clearly visible collagen fibres (thicc bundles)

chondrocutes in lacunae

197
Q

what is the main difference with hyaline and fibrocartilage

A

fibro has lots perichondrium

198
Q

where can fibrocartilage be found>

A

intercalated discs

cartilage pads of knee

199
Q

what type of fiber in elastic cartilage

A

elastic

200
Q

where can elastic tissue be found?

A

ear
auditory tubes
epiglottis

201
Q

what function does elastic cartilage have

A

retain shape
stretch
strength

202
Q

which one is stonger cartilage

A

fibro

203
Q

weakest cartilage?

A

hyaline

204
Q

cartilage for stretch

A

elastic

205
Q

2 types of bone tissue are

A

compact and spongy

206
Q

what is the main differnce between bone types

A

spongy has no osteons

207
Q

2 subsets of spongy is

A

red bone marrow (hematopoietic cell prod.)

yellow bone marrow (store triglycerides)

208
Q

compact bone stores?

A

calcium and phosphorus

209
Q

bone cell types

A

osteogenic to osteoblasts to osteocytes can broeak with osteoclasts

210
Q

what are osteogenic cells

A

mesenchymal cells that develop become trapped in ECM and become osteoblasts

211
Q

osteoblast function

A

bone forming cells become surrounded by collagen that becomes mineralised

212
Q

osteocytes function

A

maintain bone tissue involved in nutrient exchanges trapped in mature bone cells in ECM gap junction connect to other osteocytes

213
Q

osteclasts function

A

large multinucleated cells formed from fusion of monocytes breakdown bone tissue function is reabsorption and repair and renew bone

214
Q

what is the diameter of myofibrils

A

2nm

215
Q

where can myofibrils be found

A

fill up most of sarcoplasm extend entire length within cell

216
Q

what are myofibrils made of

A

2 types of myofilaments

217
Q

filaments are

A

myosin 16nm diameter 1-2 n long

actin 8nm diameter
1-2 mm long

218
Q

myofilaments arranged in

A

sections called sarcomere

219
Q

difference between myofilaments and myofibrils aer

A

myofilaments do not extend whole of muscle length

220
Q

sacromere?

A

basic contractile unit of myofibril

221
Q

H zone

A

thick fil only

222
Q

A band

A

dark middle part

thick and thin fil

223
Q

I band

A

thin band only

light

224
Q

M line

A

middle of sarcomere center of H zone

hold thick fil together

225
Q

z disc

A

plate of dense material
centre of I band
connect filaments of adj sarcomeres
made of actinin

226
Q

titin is?

A

connect z disc to M line
molecular spring
provides tension in I band
adds contraction rebound

227
Q

what produces the striations

A

overlap of thick and thin

228
Q

structure of cardiac muscle

A

fibres join at intercalated discs

229
Q

what do intercalated have

A

gap and desmosoes

230
Q

desmosome function in caridiac is

A

bind intermediate filaments to provide adhesion

231
Q

gap function in cardiac

A

allow comms

rapid and coordinated conduction

232
Q

do cardiac have sarcomeres

A

yes they have myosin and actin

233
Q

length of smooth muscle

A

200-30nm long

234
Q

how wide can it be

A

3-8 nm thickest in the middle

235
Q

structures found in smooth muscle

A

think thin fil
dense bodies
int. filaments

236
Q

how are dense bodies and filaments formed in smooth

A

have contractie sections of bundles of thick and thin filaments spanning between dense bodies

237
Q

How are dense bodies and int. filaments connected

A

int filaments are non contractile and attach to dense bodies

238
Q

dense bodies and z disc similar because

A

both made out of actinin

239
Q

what happens when smooth contracts

A

tension transmitted to int fil and cell twists about itself around and bulges out

240
Q

Why spindle shape?

A

means lots of cells tightly packed together

241
Q

how are CNS and PNS connected

A

sensory (PNS to CNS)
integrative
Motor (CNS to PNS)

242
Q

what is sensory?

A

Detection of internal and external stimulus

243
Q

What is integrative?

A

Analyse and storing information

244
Q

What is motor?

A

Stimulation of effectors like muscle and gland

245
Q

How are they linked?

A

Receptor to CNS to effector

CNS is integrative

246
Q

What are neurons made out of?

A

Cell body (soma)
Short branched dendrites
Single axon
Axon terminal

247
Q

How do neurons convey impulses?

A

Their dendrites convey nerve impulses action potentials to and from axons

248
Q

How does axon convey the nerve impulses to other neurons?

A

Through axon terminal connected to another dendrite

249
Q

What are dendrites? function> how are they conveying nerve impulses

A

Relay information to nucleus in cell body then axon

dendrite attach to dendrites

250
Q

What is special about neurons?

A

Longest cell in body (up to 1m from spinal cord to toe)

251
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons?

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Anonxonix

252
Q

How many dendrites are in multipolar?

A

2 or more connected to cell body

253
Q

How many axons in multipolar?

A

1

254
Q

What kind of neurons are multipolar?

A

All motor neurons e.g. control skeletal muscles

255
Q

WHy are multipolar neurons some of the longest and eg?

A

Because of long axon e.g. spinal cord to toe

256
Q

Where is the cell body found? n multipolar?

A

Inside the dendrite

257
Q

How many dendrites are in bipolar?

A

1 dendrite connected to one soma (cell body)

258
Q

How many axons? in bipolar

A

1

259
Q

In which organs do you find bipolar?

A

Special sense organs (sight smell hear) which RELAY INFO FROM RECEPTOR TO NEURON

260
Q

Where is the cell body found in bipolar?

A

Between axon and dendrite

261
Q

How big is it? Bipolar?

A

Rare and small 20nm

262
Q

How are unipolar different to bi and multi?

A

Dendrite and axon are continuous

263
Q

How are unipolar and bipolar similar?

A

Both have 1 dendrite and 1 axon

264
Q

How are the dendrites and axon differentiated?

A

Where dendrites converfe is where the axon starts

265
Q

WHere can unipolar be found

A

most sensory nerves

266
Q

Where is the cell body in unipolar?

A

To on side

267
Q

Is unipolar long or short

A

It can be really long

268
Q

Where can anoxic neurons be found?

A

Brains and special sense organs

269
Q

Where is neuroglia found?

A

Found in PNS and CNS

270
Q

How much vol does it account in CNS?

A

1/2 the volume as ‘glue’

271
Q

How big is it compared to neurons and how many

A

Smaller but more numerous (2-50x)

272
Q

What is the difference between it and neurons (neuroglia)

A

It does not propagate action potentials but can communicate

273
Q

What can neuroglia do in the mature nervous system to reproduce and spread out?

A

Divide

274
Q

What function do neuroglia have?

A

Physical structure of nervous tissue

Repair framework and nervous tissue

Undertake phagocytosis

Nutrient supply to neurons

Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue

275
Q

Which type of neuroglia can be found in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Astrocytes

Ependymal cells

276
Q

What is the structure of astrocytes?

A

Star shaped and is the largest type of neuroglia

COntains microfilaments

Syncytium networks (forms networks of cells) by gap junctions

wraps around vessels

277
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

For support (have microfilaments)

repair

Maintain environment around neuron by regulating ion conc

communicate with neurons via gliotransmitters e.g. glutamate

maintain blood barrier around endothelium by wrapping around vessels and affect permeability to stop movement of substance between blood and interstitial fluids

278
Q

What are gliotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that facilitate nernal communication

279
Q

WHat is structure of oligodendrocytes?

A

insulating myelin sheath (protein lipid layer)

280
Q

where can oligodendrocytes be found?

A

around axons of CNS neurons

281
Q

What is oligo function?

A

accelerate the action potential nerve impulses by helping counction

sending signals in the form of electrical impulse

282
Q

how many neurons can oligo myelinate?

A

many

283
Q

what is the structure of ependymal?

A

primary simple cuboidal cells

microvilli

cilia

284
Q

How does cilia help function of ependymal?

A

It moves CSF

285
Q

WHat is function of ependymal?

A

produce CSF and regulate it

286
Q

How does microvilli help with ependymal function?

A

Sample CSF and regulate it check the pH by absorbing

287
Q

Where can ependymal be found?

A

WHere CSF is located like lining ventricle of brain and central canal of spinal cord

288
Q

Function of microglia

A

phagocytosis

289
Q

where can microglia be found?

A

resident macrophages

290
Q

What types of neuroglia in PNS

A

schwann cells

satellite cells

291
Q

What is the structure of schwann cell?

A

insulating myelin sheat

292
Q

Function of schwann ?

A

myelinate 1 PNS axon

OR

support several non myelinated PNS axons

293
Q

What is the commonly known as the schwann cell?

A

PNS equv to CNS oligodendrocytes

294
Q

WHat is the difference between oligo and schwann?

A

schwann can only myelinate 1 axon while oligo can myelinate multiple

295
Q

what is the structure of satellite cells?

A

surround neuron cell bodies

296
Q

Which is similar to satellite cell in CNS?

A

astrocytes

297
Q

what is the function of satellite cells?

A

Support and involved in fluid exchange - exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluids.

BIOSCI 107 (8 decks)

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