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BIOSCI 107 > Blood and Immune > Flashcards

Blood and Immune Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average human blood volume?

A

5L

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2
Q

What does blood provide?

A

A one way pressurised system for the transport of O2, proteins, glucose, lipids, and essential ions all required for cell function.

POGLE

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3
Q

How is arterial pressure is maintained?

A

Maintained by elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth muscle.

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4
Q

Why is venous pressure lower than arterial pressure?

A

Veins are not elastic, one way valves are required to prevent back flow.

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5
Q

Why does blood volume have to be retained?

A

To retain pressure

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6
Q

What is considered fatal for blood loss?

A

Anything over 20%

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7
Q

Why can losing 20% be considered fatal?

A

Because pressure is and flow is imparied and the result is tissue starved of O2

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8
Q

High blood pressure? How is it caused?

A

Hypertension, caused by narrowing or hardening of the arteries reducing flow and resulting in unwanted coagulation.

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9
Q

How is O2 carried?

A

From the lungs carried to the tissues by haemoglobin. The major protein in RBC.

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10
Q

What is the % of RBC of the blood volume and connect with % of haemoglobin.

A

RBC - 45% of total blood volume

96% (haemoglobin) of the RBC’s dry weight.

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11
Q

What does each haemoglobin molecule contain?

A

4 haem molecules - each containing 1 iron atom in ferrous form (Fe2+)

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12
Q

What would happen if you dissolved O2 in blood?

A

RBCs would bind O2 with 70x greater capacity

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13
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 (pO2) in the lungs?

A

~100 mm Hg

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14
Q

What happens if the pO2 is under the pressure?

A

O2 binds to Fe2+

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15
Q

What happens as the pO2 drops in the tissue?

A

the O2 dissociates and is replaced by CO2 (by-product of respiration)

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16
Q

How many molecules can displace O2 from Fe2+? Give an eg.

A

Many molecules

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17
Q

What does bp ensure? (2)

A

Even and efficient flow through the small capillaries

Low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation

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18
Q

What is coagulation?

A

Change into a semi solid/ solid state

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19
Q

Large vessels:

A

High volume /Low flow

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20
Q

Small vessels:

A

Low volume/High flow

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21
Q

Vast networks of tiny capillaries means that…

A

presssurised directional flow from lungs to tissue and organs

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22
Q

How is blood divided in the body?

A

Divided through the needs of the organs (like Liver and Kidney use up a lot as well as Brain and Skeletal muscle)

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23
Q

Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle:

A

AORTA, SYSTOLIC

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24
Q

Normal bp and the meaning of systolic

A

120/80

120 mm of Hg (full compression, LV squeezed at the tightest and arteries are expanded at their greatest)

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25
Pulmonary Artery, Right ventricle | Right atrium
VENA CAVA, DIASTOLIC
26
Is their pressure in the venous system
No pressure in the venous system
27
What are the major components of blood?
1. Cells 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Electrolytes 5. Vitamins and Hormones 6. Glucose
28
What are the sub components of cells in blood?
Erythroid, 2 components of innate adaptive immune system - (all WBC and B (from marrow) and T cells thymus, cellular adaptive response) myeloid, lymphoid.
29
What are the sub components of proteins in blood?
- Albumin (most abundant, provide osmotic pressure) - Fibrogenin (7%, blood clot) - Immunoglobulins - complement - coagulation factors Haemoglobin (carry O2) (these are the major ones, there are more)
30
What are the sub components of lipids?
Bound in lipoproteins (signal susceptibility to coronary heart disease) HDL VLDL LDL (bad lipoprotein) Based on density, float to the top when centrifuged
31
What are the sub components of electrolytes?
Salts and minerals (maintain isotoniscity) | HCO3-, NA+, Cl_, Ca++, Mg++, K+ (CELLULAR FUNCTION REGULATION), creatine, creatinine.
32
Centrifuge result
Add Heparin, anti cagulant Bottom: RBC 45% Buffy coat: composed WBC and platelets Top: Plasma 55% (with Fibrogenin)
33
Yellow straw coloured serum is? When can it be creame coloured?
Blood without cells and Fibrogenin, the straw coloured fluid that remains after coagulation, if you ingested a fatty meal lit is cream coloured.
34
What is the relationship between erythrocytes and hemoglobin?
Abundant protein in RBC is hemoglobin to carry O2
35
Most abundant leukocyte is...
Neutrophils
36
Function of platelets
Coagulation and tissue repair
37
What are the ways to sep blood?
Centrifuge Let clot Electrophoresis
38
What is electrophoresis?
using electric current to sep proteins in blood
39
How does electrophoresis work?
Clot blood to remove fibrogenin (cannot use plasma) Take serum and mix with buffer to keep the pH Dab the blood proteins to apply to paper and put electric field -ve --cathode +ve--annode
40
Albumin (50%) protein is -ve so it moves to the
cathode `
41
What can you find in the anode>
Antibodies
42
What is blood homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable blood/base balance.
43
WHat is the normal pH of blood?
7.4 variance of more than 0.2, either way, can result in severe acidosis or alkalosis
44
How does the blood regulate the strict pH?
It has a buffer composed og albumin, phosphate, bacarbonate, creatinine, and other compounds.
45
WHat are the most abundant proteins in your blood?
``` Albumin ~50% of total blood protein Fibrogenin Immunoglobins Complament Coagulation ```
46
WHat are albumin function?
Maintain osmotic pressure but also binfs and transports many small molecules and proteins. Major binder in pharmaceutical drugs, affecting their bioavaliability
47
What is fibrogenin function?
2nd most abundant protein, cleaved by thrombin to form cross-linked fibrin that forms blood clot
48
Why is fibrogen absent in serum?
Because it has formed fibrin clot
49
What is immunogloblins?
found in the y fraction (serum electrophoresis) responsible for immunity. Produced by plasma cells a form of B lymphocyte. Constitutes ~10% o fyou total blood protein. Becomes elevated in diseases such as multiple myeloma.
50
What is complacent proteins?
A groups of zymogens (inactive until cleaved) essential for phagocytosis and innate immunity. The most abundant complacent protein is C3 but there are 9 major components/ Essential for tagging invading organisms they can be digested by phagocytosis
51
What is cogulation proteins?
A set of 13 proteins that initiate the cleabahe of fibrogenin to fibrin to for the clot/ Thrombin is the centra; enzyme which cleaves fibrogenin/
52
Types of blood cells are?
Erythrocytes - Carry O2 Leukocytes - immune respons(for immunity) Platlets - coagulation and tissue repair
53
What are erythrocytes?
Soley for O2 transport. Don't have nucleus so radiotherapy much bettwe evause they have no DNA
54
WHat are myeloid cells?
Provide you with innate immuity and phagocytosis is a key mechanisns,
55
What are the 4 myeloid cells?
Neutrophils Monocytes Basophils Eosinophils
56
What can monocytes develop into?
Become macrohphage
57
What are the two lyphoid cells?
B lymphocytes | T lyphocytes
58
What can B lyphocytes be linked to?
Antibodies - adaptive immunity
59
What can T lymphocytes be linked to?
Cellular - adaptive immunity
60
Where does all blood cells begin life as? and where are they found?
a single pluripotent human stem cell (HSC)
61
What are the characteristics of innate immunity? In animals
1. Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors 2. Rapid response
62
Barrier defenses?
Skin Mucous membranes Secretions
63
What are some internal defenses? (4)
Phagocytic cells Natural killer cells Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response
64
Adaptive immunity (vertebrates only) characteristics
1. Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors 2. Slower response
65
Humoural response?
Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids
66
Cell mediated response?
Cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells
67
What are the two interconnected sub-systems underneath immune system?
Innate immunity response Adaptive immune reponse
68
What cells type of associated with innate immunity?
Myeloid
69
What cells type of associated with adaptive immunity?
Lymphoid
70
Is soluble factors part of humoral or cellular immunity?
Humoral, include things like antimicrobial peptides that directly kill bacteria and antibodies which are produced by B lymphocytes
71
Which out of the two interconnected cellular response sub types strengthen or adapts the longer you re exposed to antigen?
Adaptive immune response, the LYMPHOID CELLS
72
Which cell type of the two interconnected cellular responses sub types does not change or strengthen over time?
Myeloid cells of the innate immunity sub type of cellular immunity defence
73
Which immunity is the first line of defence against an infection?
Innate immunity, MYELOIDS
74
What are the innate immunity regulated by 3 interconnected processes
1. Complacent 2. Phagocytosis 3. Patter recognition receptors
75
In the first step of the regulated interconnected processes of 3 steps, what is it?
Complacent - opsonisation of microbes by blood proteins and the production of anaphylotoxins that attract and activate phagocytes
76
What happens in phagocytosis of the 3 regulated interconnected processes?
Engulfment of microbes by phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) that destroy the organism
77
What happens in the PRR stage of the threee step interconnected processes?
Receptors found on many myeloid cells that recognise complex microbial molecular patterns
78
What determines which immune response happens?
Determined by the type of pathogen it encounters
79
Virus what immune response?
They are intracellular pathogens that use host cell machinery for replication/ Need mean of detecting infected cells and destroying them while leaving normal hosts alone
80
Bacteria yeast and fungi what immune response?
These are predominantly extracellular pathogens that are engulfed and destruction by phagocytic ccells.
81
How are bacteria distinguished?
Most bacteria are distinguished by the GRAM stain.
82
GRAM +ve?
Bacteria have thick cell walls and are resistant to direct complement MAC lysis
83
GRAM -ve?
Bacteria have thinner petidoglycan layer and an outer membrane are are often more sensitive to complement MAC lysis.
84
Protozoa and other parasites?
Complex organisms are often multicelllar and highgly developed (helmiths - worms) Can live inside (plasmodium falciparum live in RNC) or outside cell. These are too big to be englufed by macrophages so basophils, eoisophils, and mast cells secrete inflammatory mediaters and cytotoxic chemicals that kill.
85
What progenitor cell do granular lymphocytes as | opposed to agranular lymphocytes develop from?
Granular = myeloid progenitor Agranular = lymphoid progenitor
86
What is the relevance of CD34+ cells in bone marrow | transplants?
Select for CD34+ hemocytoblasts with ant-CD34 antibody Extract and re-implant post bone-marrow ablation
87
Which 2 hemopoietic factors are given post | radiolablation in bone marrow transplants?
GM-CSF + C-CSF
88
GM - CSF produced by?
Macrophages T cells Endothelial cells Fibroblasts

BIOSCI 107 (8 decks)

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