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BIOSCI 107 > Blood and Immune > Flashcards

Blood and Immune Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average human blood volume?

A

5L

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2
Q

What does blood provide?

A

A one way pressurised system for the transport of O2, proteins, glucose, lipids, and essential ions all required for cell function.

POGLE

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3
Q

How is arterial pressure is maintained?

A

Maintained by elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth muscle.

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4
Q

Why is venous pressure lower than arterial pressure?

A

Veins are not elastic, one way valves are required to prevent back flow.

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5
Q

Why does blood volume have to be retained?

A

To retain pressure

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6
Q

What is considered fatal for blood loss?

A

Anything over 20%

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7
Q

Why can losing 20% be considered fatal?

A

Because pressure is and flow is imparied and the result is tissue starved of O2

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8
Q

High blood pressure? How is it caused?

A

Hypertension, caused by narrowing or hardening of the arteries reducing flow and resulting in unwanted coagulation.

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9
Q

How is O2 carried?

A

From the lungs carried to the tissues by haemoglobin. The major protein in RBC.

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10
Q

What is the % of RBC of the blood volume and connect with % of haemoglobin.

A

RBC - 45% of total blood volume

96% (haemoglobin) of the RBC’s dry weight.

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11
Q

What does each haemoglobin molecule contain?

A

4 haem molecules - each containing 1 iron atom in ferrous form (Fe2+)

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12
Q

What would happen if you dissolved O2 in blood?

A

RBCs would bind O2 with 70x greater capacity

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13
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 (pO2) in the lungs?

A

~100 mm Hg

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14
Q

What happens if the pO2 is under the pressure?

A

O2 binds to Fe2+

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15
Q

What happens as the pO2 drops in the tissue?

A

the O2 dissociates and is replaced by CO2 (by-product of respiration)

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16
Q

How many molecules can displace O2 from Fe2+? Give an eg.

A

Many molecules

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17
Q

What does bp ensure? (2)

A

Even and efficient flow through the small capillaries

Low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation

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18
Q

What is coagulation?

A

Change into a semi solid/ solid state

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19
Q

Large vessels:

A

High volume /Low flow

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20
Q

Small vessels:

A

Low volume/High flow

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21
Q

Vast networks of tiny capillaries means that…

A

presssurised directional flow from lungs to tissue and organs

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22
Q

How is blood divided in the body?

A

Divided through the needs of the organs (like Liver and Kidney use up a lot as well as Brain and Skeletal muscle)

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23
Q

Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle:

A

AORTA, SYSTOLIC

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24
Q

Normal bp and the meaning of systolic

A

120/80

120 mm of Hg (full compression, LV squeezed at the tightest and arteries are expanded at their greatest)

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25
Q

Pulmonary Artery, Right ventricle

Right atrium

A

VENA CAVA, DIASTOLIC

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26
Q

Is their pressure in the venous system

A

No pressure in the venous system

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27
Q

What are the major components of blood?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Electrolytes
  5. Vitamins and Hormones
  6. Glucose
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28
Q

What are the sub components of cells in blood?

A

Erythroid,

2 components of innate adaptive immune system -
(all WBC and B (from marrow) and T cells thymus, cellular adaptive response)
myeloid, lymphoid.

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29
Q

What are the sub components of proteins in blood?

A
  • Albumin (most abundant, provide osmotic pressure)
  • Fibrogenin (7%, blood clot)
  • Immunoglobulins
  • complement
  • coagulation factors

Haemoglobin (carry O2)

(these are the major ones, there are more)

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30
Q

What are the sub components of lipids?

A

Bound in lipoproteins (signal susceptibility to coronary heart disease)
HDL
VLDL

LDL (bad lipoprotein)

Based on density, float to the top when centrifuged

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31
Q

What are the sub components of electrolytes?

A

Salts and minerals (maintain isotoniscity)

HCO3-, NA+, Cl_, Ca++, Mg++, K+ (CELLULAR FUNCTION REGULATION), creatine, creatinine.

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32
Q

Centrifuge result

A

Add Heparin, anti cagulant

Bottom: RBC 45%
Buffy coat: composed WBC and platelets
Top: Plasma 55% (with Fibrogenin)

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33
Q

Yellow straw coloured serum is? When can it be creame coloured?

A

Blood without cells and Fibrogenin, the straw coloured fluid that remains after coagulation, if you ingested a fatty meal lit is cream coloured.

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34
Q

What is the relationship between erythrocytes and hemoglobin?

A

Abundant protein in RBC is hemoglobin to carry O2

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35
Q

Most abundant leukocyte is…

A

Neutrophils

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36
Q

Function of platelets

A

Coagulation and tissue repair

37
Q

What are the ways to sep blood?

A

Centrifuge
Let clot
Electrophoresis

38
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

using electric current to sep proteins in blood

39
Q

How does electrophoresis work?

A

Clot blood to remove fibrogenin (cannot use plasma)

Take serum and mix with buffer to keep the pH

Dab the blood proteins to apply to paper and put electric field

-ve –cathode

+ve–annode

40
Q

Albumin (50%) protein is -ve so it moves to the

A

cathode `

41
Q

What can you find in the anode>

A

Antibodies

42
Q

What is blood homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a stable blood/base balance.

43
Q

WHat is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.4 variance of more than 0.2, either way, can result in severe acidosis or alkalosis

44
Q

How does the blood regulate the strict pH?

A

It has a buffer composed og albumin, phosphate, bacarbonate, creatinine, and other compounds.

45
Q

WHat are the most abundant proteins in your blood?

A 
Albumin ~50% of total blood protein 
Fibrogenin
Immunoglobins 
Complament 
Coagulation
46
Q

WHat are albumin function?

A

Maintain osmotic pressure but also binfs and transports many small molecules and proteins. Major binder in pharmaceutical drugs, affecting their bioavaliability

47
Q

What is fibrogenin function?

A

2nd most abundant protein, cleaved by thrombin to form cross-linked fibrin that forms blood clot

48
Q

Why is fibrogen absent in serum?

A

Because it has formed fibrin clot

49
Q

What is immunogloblins?

A

found in the y fraction (serum electrophoresis) responsible for immunity. Produced by plasma cells a form of B lymphocyte. Constitutes ~10% o fyou total blood protein. Becomes elevated in diseases such as multiple myeloma.

50
Q

What is complacent proteins?

A

A groups of zymogens (inactive until cleaved) essential for phagocytosis and innate immunity. The most abundant complacent protein is C3 but there are 9 major components/ Essential for tagging invading organisms they can be digested by phagocytosis

51
Q

What is cogulation proteins?

A

A set of 13 proteins that initiate the cleabahe of fibrogenin to fibrin to for the clot/ Thrombin is the centra; enzyme which cleaves fibrogenin/

52
Q

Types of blood cells are?

A

Erythrocytes - Carry O2
Leukocytes - immune respons(for immunity)
Platlets - coagulation and tissue repair

53
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Soley for O2 transport. Don’t have nucleus so radiotherapy much bettwe evause they have no DNA

54
Q

WHat are myeloid cells?

A

Provide you with innate immuity and phagocytosis is a key mechanisns,

55
Q

What are the 4 myeloid cells?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils

56
Q

What can monocytes develop into?

A

Become macrohphage

57
Q

What are the two lyphoid cells?

A

B lymphocytes

T lyphocytes

58
Q

What can B lyphocytes be linked to?

A

Antibodies - adaptive immunity

59
Q

What can T lymphocytes be linked to?

A

Cellular - adaptive immunity

60
Q

Where does all blood cells begin life as? and where are they found?

A

a single pluripotent human stem cell (HSC)

61
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity? In animals

A
  1. Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors
  2. Rapid response
62
Q

Barrier defenses?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions

63
Q

What are some internal defenses? (4)

A

Phagocytic cells
Natural killer cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response

64
Q

Adaptive immunity (vertebrates only) characteristics

A
  1. Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors
  2. Slower response
65
Q

Humoural response?

A

Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids

66
Q

Cell mediated response?

A

Cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells

67
Q

What are the two interconnected sub-systems underneath immune system?

A

Innate immunity response

Adaptive immune reponse

68
Q

What cells type of associated with innate immunity?

A

Myeloid

69
Q

What cells type of associated with adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphoid

70
Q

Is soluble factors part of humoral or cellular immunity?

A

Humoral, include things like antimicrobial peptides that directly kill bacteria and antibodies which are produced by B lymphocytes

71
Q

Which out of the two interconnected cellular response sub types strengthen or adapts the longer you re exposed to antigen?

A

Adaptive immune response, the LYMPHOID CELLS

72
Q

Which cell type of the two interconnected cellular responses sub types does not change or strengthen over time?

A

Myeloid cells of the innate immunity sub type of cellular immunity defence

73
Q

Which immunity is the first line of defence against an infection?

A

Innate immunity, MYELOIDS

74
Q

What are the innate immunity regulated by 3 interconnected processes

A
  1. Complacent
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Patter recognition receptors
75
Q

In the first step of the regulated interconnected processes of 3 steps, what is it?

A

Complacent - opsonisation of microbes by blood proteins and the production of anaphylotoxins that attract and activate phagocytes

76
Q

What happens in phagocytosis of the 3 regulated interconnected processes?

A

Engulfment of microbes by phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) that destroy the organism

77
Q

What happens in the PRR stage of the threee step interconnected processes?

A

Receptors found on many myeloid cells that recognise complex microbial molecular patterns

78
Q

What determines which immune response happens?

A

Determined by the type of pathogen it encounters

79
Q

Virus what immune response?

A

They are intracellular pathogens that use host cell machinery for replication/ Need mean of detecting infected cells and destroying them while leaving normal hosts alone

80
Q

Bacteria yeast and fungi what immune response?

A

These are predominantly extracellular pathogens that are engulfed and destruction by phagocytic ccells.

81
Q

How are bacteria distinguished?

A

Most bacteria are distinguished by the GRAM stain.

82
Q

GRAM +ve?

A

Bacteria have thick cell walls and are resistant to direct complement MAC lysis

83
Q

GRAM -ve?

A

Bacteria have thinner petidoglycan layer and an outer membrane are are often more sensitive to complement MAC lysis.

84
Q

Protozoa and other parasites?

A

Complex organisms are often multicelllar and highgly developed (helmiths - worms) Can live inside (plasmodium falciparum live in RNC) or outside cell.

These are too big to be englufed by macrophages so basophils, eoisophils, and mast cells secrete inflammatory mediaters and cytotoxic chemicals that kill.

85
Q

What progenitor cell do granular lymphocytes as

opposed to agranular lymphocytes develop from?

A

Granular = myeloid progenitor

Agranular = lymphoid progenitor

86
Q

What is the relevance of CD34+ cells in bone marrow

transplants?

A

Select for CD34+ hemocytoblasts with ant-CD34
antibody

Extract and re-implant post bone-marrow ablation

87
Q

Which 2 hemopoietic factors are given post

radiolablation in bone marrow transplants?

A

GM-CSF + C-CSF

88
Q

GM - CSF produced by?

A

Macrophages

T cells

Endothelial cells

Fibroblasts

BIOSCI 107 (8 decks)

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