Tissues Flashcards
What are the different types of epithelial tissue?
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Psuedostratified columnar
Transitional
What are epithelial tissues?
Layers of tissue that form linings, membranes and glands
What is a simple squamous epithelial tissue?
Flat and wide with only 1 layer
e.g. alveoli - simple diffusion
Allows communication through the cell and create smooth flat surfaces to reduce friction
What is simple cuboidal tissues?
Cube shaped
Found in glands and ducts for secretion
What is a simple columnar tissue?
Taller than wide
e.g. lining of the stomach
Function = protection, secretion, absorption, allow metabolic processes to occur
What is a stratified squamous tissue?
Layers of stem cells on the basement membrane so cells can be constantly replaced e.g. the skin
Provides physical, protection from abrasion and pathogens
What is a stratified cuboidal tissue?
Rare - ducts
More protection, secretion
e.g. sweat gland duct
What is a stratified columnar tissue?
e.g. a small area of the pharynx
Multiple layers for protection
What is a pseudostratified columnar tissue?
A single layer of cells but with nuclei at different heights e.g. lining of nasal cavity and bronchi
Function - protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia
What is a transitional epithelial?
E.g. urinary bladder
Stratified
Permits expansion and recoil after stretching
What do all epithelial cells contain?
Basal surface
Basement membrane - helps continuous sheet of cells
Junctions between cells - can adhere together
Apical surface - may be an open surface
What are microvilli?
Small fingerlike projections that increase surface area
What are cilia?
Long, hair like projections to move substances along
How do we classify exocrine glands?
Shape - tubular, coiled, branched, alveolar
Number ducts - either simple (1) or compound (many)
What are the 3 methods of gland secretion?
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
What is merocrine secretion?
Golgi apparatus packages
Produces vesicles which are released
e.g. sweat
What is apocrine secretion?
A portion of the cytoplasm is shed e.g. mammary gland during lactation
What is holocrine secretion?
Cell division replaces lost cells
Produces secretion increasing in size
Cells burst releasing secretion
e.g. sebaceous
What do all connective tissues contain?
Cells e.g. fibroblasts, adipocytes, wbc
Fibres e.g. collagen, reticular, elastic
Ground substances e.g. fluid, gel
How do connective tissues form?
From mesenchymal stem cells within the embryo
What is adipose tissue?
Fat
Found under the skin, around the organs and in the breasts
Function - stores of energy, padding and cushioning, insulation
What is reticular tissue?
Found in the liver, kidney
Supporting framework to keep things in the correct place
What are the loose connective tissues?
Adipose
Reticular
Areolar tissue
What are the dense connective tissues?
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
What is regular connective tissue?
Collagen lined up in one direction
e.g. tendons and ligaments
Provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, stabilises bones
What is irregular tissue?
Large bundles of collagen e.g. capsules around organs, dermis
Function - Provides strength to resist forces, prevents over expansion
What is elastic tissue?
Elastic fibres in parallel
e.g. ligaments in the vertebral column and blood vessel walls
Function - stabilising, cushioning, permits expansion and contraction
What are the different types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
What is hyaline cartilage?
Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum
Have chondrocytes and lacunae
Function - provides stiff but flexible support, reduces friction
What is elastic cartilage?
Contains chondrocytes and lacunae and elastic fibres
e.g. epiglotis, auricle of ear
Function - provides support, tolerates distortion
What is fibrocartilage?
e.g. pads within the knee or invertebral discs
Function - resist compression, limits movement
What is a lacunae?
The cavity where the cell sits
What are the tissue membranes?
Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane
Synovial membrane
What is the mucous membrane?
Secretions of muscous glands e.g. respiratory tract - trap pathogens, move mucus
What is the serous membrane?
Line the ventral cavities/ organs
Simple squamous cells, transudate (fluid) - areolar tissue
What is the cutaneous membrane?
Skin
Stratified squamous tissue, areolar tissue, dense irregular connective tissue
What is the synovial membrane?
Line joint cavities - synovial fluid for the joint
What is the superficial fasciae?
Between skin and organs - areolar tissue/ adipose
What is the deep fascia?
Strong, fibrous - dense connective tissue
What is the subserous fascia?
Between serous and deep fascia - areolar tissue
What is skeletal muscle?
Striated appearance, attached to bone
Under voluntary control - motor neuron, multinucleated, large cells
What is cardiac muscle?
Walls of the heart
Cells connected to each other by intercalated discs allowing transmission of electrical current
Involuntary control - vagus nerve, smaller cells, controlled by pacemaker cells
What is smooth muscle?
Blood vessels, gut
Smaller spindle shaped cells
Involuntary control - pacesetter cells, controlled by hormonal control
How do neuroglia support neural tissue?
Maintain structure, repair tissues, phagocytosis, nutrients to neurons
