Skeletal Anatomy

Question 1

What are the bones in the skull?

Answer 1

Cranium - surrounds the brain- flat bones
Frontal bone- forehead superior surface of orbits
Parietal bone- Sides, roof
Temporal bone- sides bases
Occipital bone - foramen magnum (big hole) - base
Sphenoid bone- bridge between the cranial and facial bones
Ethmoid bone - Cribriform plate- lots of little holes - olfactory nerves, nasal cavity

Question 2

What are the facial bones?

Answer 2

Maxillary bone - upper jaw
Zygomatic bones- cheek bones, form part of the opening for the eye
Mandible- bottom of the jaw - only moveable
Nasal bone- Bridge of the nose
Nasal conchae - Shape of a conch shell - covered in mucus membrane which filters breathe
Nasal septum - division between the left and right side of the nasal cavity

Question 3

What are the functions of the facial bones?

Answer 3

• support cavities and sense organs (eye, olfactory)
• attachment of muscles/ structures for mastication
• speech and facial expression
• protection

Question 4

What are sinuses?

Answer 4

Cavities within bones to make the skull lighter and aid speech resonance

Question 5

What are the different type of paranasal sinuses?

Answer 5

Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus

Question 6

How to the skulls of newborns differ from adults?

Answer 6

The bones aren’t complete, there is cartilage in between bones known as fontanels allowing for flexibility during child birth

Question 7

What is the specific structure of the vertebral column?

Answer 7

26 bones
7 cervical vertebrae C1 to C7
12 thoracic vertebrae T1 to T12
5 Lumbar vertebrae L1 to L5
Sacrum
Coccyx
(curves help alignment with weight)

Question 8

What is the anatomy of the vertebrae?

Answer 8

Body - weight bearing, articulate with bodies above and below, separated by intervertebral discs
Arch - Consists of pedicle and lamina, supports transverse and spinous process, surrounds vertebral foramen, protects spinal cord
Spinous process- muscle attachment
Transverse process- Muscle attachment - rotation
Articular processes - Articular facets - articulate with vertebrae above/ below

Question 9

What is the regional variation in vertebral anatomy ?

Answer 9

Cervical - oval body, transverse foramina (holes in processes) blood vessels , bifid split spinous processes- ligament in the neck, large vertebral foramen
Thoracic -Heart shaped, Facets for articulation with the ribs, long inferiorly directed(down facing) spinous process
Lumbar - massive - most weight, Blade like transverse processes

Question 10

What is the difference between the atlas and the axis?

Answer 10

Atlas is C1 it has no vertebral body, weight transferred through the occipital condyles, articulation from the dens
Axis is C2 it has a peg (dens) to articulate with atlas - allowing shaking of the head

Question 11

What are the components and functions of the thoracic cage?

Answer 11

Components- sternum, ribs - 7 pair of true ribs ( cartilage joint with sternum), 5 pair of false ribs
Function - Protection of thoracic contents, allows the expansion and contraction for ventilation

Question 12

What is the anatomy of the ribs?

Answer 12

Curved flat bone, Head articulates with vertebral body, tubercle articulates with transverse process of vertebra, costal cartilage articulate with sternum - allowing movement

Question 13

What is the anatomy of the pectoral girdle?

Answer 13

Components- clavicle (acromial end articulates with scapula, sternal articulates with the sternum), scapula (acromion, scapular spine, glenoid cavity -socket of the shoulder)

Question 14

What is the anatomy of the humerus?

Answer 14

Head articulates with the scapula
Several sites for muscle attachment
Distal condyles articulate with forearm

Question 15

What is the anatomy of the forearm?

Answer 15

Radius- thumb side, articulates with the humerus, distal end in wrist joint, head allows rotation (pronation)
Ulna - Trochlear notch articulates with the condyles in the humerus, olecranon forms point of the elbow

Question 16

What is the anatomy of the wrist and the hand?

Answer 16

Two rows of carpal bones - proximal row with radius , distal with metacarpals - movement in between
Metacarpals- support palm- numbered I to V
Phalanges- finger bones- articulate with metacarpals, three phalanges - proximal middle distal only 2 in the thumb

Question 17

What is the anatomy of the pelvis?

Answer 17

Consists of os coxae (coxal bones)- Ilium (proximal)with the iliac crest, ischium- lower part, pubis (pubic region)- centre is the cavity that makes up the socket of the hip joint (acetabulum), sacrum, coccyx
Function- Support, articulation of the leg

Question 18

What are the sex differences of the pelvis ?

Answer 18

Males have larger tuberosities
Female pelvis is wider
Female pelvic outlet is wider
Pubic angle in men is less than 90 degrees in women it is over 100 degrees

Question 19

What is the anatomy of the femur?

Answer 19

Narrow shaft
Neck -angles the head away from the body for walking
Greater trochanter - muscle attachment
Condyles - knee joint
Head

Question 20

What is the anatomy of the tibia and fibula?

Answer 20

Tibia - Medial and lateral condyles - articulate with the femur, distal articular surface in the ankle joint, medial malleolus - more weight
Fibula - articulation of head with the tibia, parallel shaft, lateral malleolus, Distal articular surface- participates in ankle joint

Question 21

What is the anatomy of the ankle/ foot?

Answer 21

Seven tarsal bones - talus joint with tibia and fibula, calcaneus- major load bearing - heel
Foot - 5 metatarsal bones I to V, phalanges hallux (big toe) 2 but others have 3 proximal, middle and distal
Arch- transfers forces and provide strength