The nervous system Flashcards

(53 cards)

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Monitors the internal and external environments
  • Integrates sensory info
  • coordinates voluntary and involuntary response of organ systems
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2
Q

Name the receptors and what they respond to

A

Thermoreceptors- change in temp
Mechanoreceptors- mechanical pressure or distortion
Chemoreceptors- chemical change
Photoreceptors- light

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3
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord
Its function is to integrate and coordinate sensory data and motor commands

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4
Q

What is the PNS?

A

All neural tissue outside the CNS
Relays sensory info to the CNS and carries motor commands to the peripheral tissues

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5
Q

What is the afferent division?

A

The sensory information

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6
Q

What is the efferent division?

A

The responses
Split into somatic n.s - skeletal muscle contraction and the autonomic ns consisting of parasympathetic and sympathetic

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7
Q

What is the main structure of a multipolar neuron?

A

Dendrites, cell body (organelles), axon hillock, axon, axon terminal

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7
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

They are sensitive to sensory stimuli

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of neuron?

A

Anaxonic, bipolar, unipolar, multipolar

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9
Q

What is an anaxonic neuron?

A

Mainly found in the brain
small
No anatomic features to distinguish between dendrites from axon

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10
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

Rare
Special sense organs
1 dendrite and 1 axon with cell body between them

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11
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

Dendrites and axon are continuous with the cell body off to the side - most sensory neurons in the PNS

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12
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

2 or more dendrites with 1 axon
Most common in the CNS and all motor neurons in skeletal muscle control

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13
Q

What is the spinal cord and its function?

A

A major passageway of sensory and motor impulses to and from the brain
It integrates info on its own and control spinal reflexes and automatic responses

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14
Q

What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus?

A

They are both grooves but a fissure is deeper

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15
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Contains cell bodies and neuroglia cells

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16
Q

What is white matter?

A

Consists of myelinated and unmyelinated neurons

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17
Q

How does the central shape of the spinal cord change as we go down the body?

A

It decreases

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18
Q

How many segments are in the spinal cord?

A

31

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19
Q

What is a dermatone?

A

Each pair of spinal nerves monitor a specific region of the the body surface

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20
Q

What is a dorsal root ganglia?

A

A bundle of neurons that bring sensory info (afferent) into the spinal cord

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21
Q

What is a ventral root?

A

Contains axon of motor neurons (efferent)
Does bind with the dorsal to form a spinal nerve

22
Q

What are horns?

A

Projections of grey matter

23
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The sack of nerve roots at the lower end of the lumbar spinal cord

24
What is the process of the reflex arc?
Arrival of stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron (dorsal root), info processing by CNS, activation of motor neuron (ventral root), effector , response
25
What do golgi tendon organs do?
Sense tension in the tendon when the muscle contracts Has an inhibitive afferent neuron So high forces lead to decrease in muscle activation for protection
26
What do the muscle spindles do?
Detect rate of change of muscle length Efferent neuron causes the spindle to contract to maintain tension so if it is stretching rapidly then a vigorous contraction occurs to prevent overstretching
27
What are the 3 sections of the brain?
Reptilian - stem Mammalian - limbic system Higher brain - neocortex - emotional, logic, creativity
28
What does the brain stem consist of?
Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum
29
What is the dienchepalon?
Consists of the thalamus which relays and processes sensory info and the hypothalamus which centers controlling emotions
30
What is the mid brain?
Processes visual and auditory data Maintains consciousness
31
What is the pons?
Relays sensory info to the cerebellum and thalamus
32
What is the medulla oblongata?
Relays sensory info to thalamus and autonomic centre for visceral function
33
What is the cerebullum?
Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
34
What is a gyrus?
A ridge on the cerebral cortex
35
What does the cerebrum consist of?
Frontal lobe- (primary motor cortex- motor response) Temporal lobe- auditory association area Occipital lobe- visual association area Parietal - Primary sensory cortex- receiving and processing sensory info
36
What are the biochemical protection methods for the brain?
Blood brain barrier Isolation of CNS from general circulation through variation in permeability of CNS capillaries (astrocytes)
37
What are the physical protection methods for the brain?
Bones of the cranium Cranial meninges Cerebrospinal fluid
38
Describe the cranial meninges
Layers of connective tissue Dura mater (Periosteal) then the dural sinus and the dura mater (meningeal layer) Arachnoid mater Pia mater - connective tissues between brain and protective layers
39
Describe the cerebrospinal fluid
Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS Function - cushion, support, transport of nutrients and chemical messengers and waste products
40
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
olfactory, optic, occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
41
What is the olfactory nerve?
Sensor Receptor- olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity
42
What is the optic nerve?
Sensor Receptor in the retina Input from receptors in the eye through optic foramina of the orbits
43
What is the occulomotor nerve?
Motor Control eye movement Innervates 4 of the 6 extrinsic muscles
44
What is the trochlear nerve?
Motor Moves the eye down and laterally
45
What is the trigeminal nerve?
Sensor and motor Sensation in eyes, nose, forehead, structures of the mouth. Motor control of the chewing muscles
46
What is the abducens nerve?
Motor Motor control for the lateral movement of the eye
47
What is the facial nerve?
Sensor and motor Sensation of taste, motor control of facial expressions, tear gland and salivary glands
48
What is the vestibulocochlear (acoustic) nerve?
Sensor Balance and hearing
49
What is the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Sensor and motor Sensation of taste, motor control of pharyngeal muscles for swallowing
50
What is the vagus nerve?
Sensor and motor Wide roles in abdomen and thorax Key in cv system
51
What is the accessory nerve?
Motor Motor control of the neck and upper back muscles
52
What is the hypoglossal nerve?
Motor Motor control of muscles in the tongue