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Anatomy and Physiology Year 1 > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Monitors the internal and external environments
  • Integrates sensory info
  • coordinates voluntary and involuntary response of organ systems
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2
Q

Name the receptors and what they respond to

A

Thermoreceptors- change in temp
Mechanoreceptors- mechanical pressure or distortion
Chemoreceptors- chemical change
Photoreceptors- light

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3
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord
Its function is to integrate and coordinate sensory data and motor commands

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4
Q

What is the PNS?

A

All neural tissue outside the CNS
Relays sensory info to the CNS and carries motor commands to the peripheral tissues

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5
Q

What is the afferent division?

A

The sensory information

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6
Q

What is the efferent division?

A

The responses
Split into somatic n.s - skeletal muscle contraction and the autonomic ns consisting of parasympathetic and sympathetic

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7
Q

What is the main structure of a multipolar neuron?

A

Dendrites, cell body (organelles), axon hillock, axon, axon terminal

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7
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

They are sensitive to sensory stimuli

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of neuron?

A

Anaxonic, bipolar, unipolar, multipolar

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9
Q

What is an anaxonic neuron?

A

Mainly found in the brain
small
No anatomic features to distinguish between dendrites from axon

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10
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

Rare
Special sense organs
1 dendrite and 1 axon with cell body between them

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11
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

Dendrites and axon are continuous with the cell body off to the side - most sensory neurons in the PNS

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12
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

2 or more dendrites with 1 axon
Most common in the CNS and all motor neurons in skeletal muscle control

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13
Q

What is the spinal cord and its function?

A

A major passageway of sensory and motor impulses to and from the brain
It integrates info on its own and control spinal reflexes and automatic responses

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14
Q

What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus?

A

They are both grooves but a fissure is deeper

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15
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Contains cell bodies and neuroglia cells

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16
Q

What is white matter?

A

Consists of myelinated and unmyelinated neurons

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17
Q

How does the central shape of the spinal cord change as we go down the body?

A

It decreases

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18
Q

How many segments are in the spinal cord?

A

31

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19
Q

What is a dermatone?

A

Each pair of spinal nerves monitor a specific region of the the body surface

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20
Q

What is a dorsal root ganglia?

A

A bundle of neurons that bring sensory info (afferent) into the spinal cord

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21
Q

What is a ventral root?

A

Contains axon of motor neurons (efferent)
Does bind with the dorsal to form a spinal nerve

22
Q

What are horns?

A

Projections of grey matter

23
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The sack of nerve roots at the lower end of the lumbar spinal cord

24
Q

What is the process of the reflex arc?

A

Arrival of stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron (dorsal root), info processing by CNS, activation of motor neuron (ventral root), effector , response

25
Q

What do golgi tendon organs do?

A

Sense tension in the tendon when the muscle contracts
Has an inhibitive afferent neuron
So high forces lead to decrease in muscle activation for protection

26
Q

What do the muscle spindles do?

A

Detect rate of change of muscle length
Efferent neuron causes the spindle to contract to maintain tension so if it is stretching rapidly then a vigorous contraction occurs to prevent overstretching

27
Q

What are the 3 sections of the brain?

A

Reptilian - stem
Mammalian - limbic system
Higher brain - neocortex - emotional, logic, creativity

28
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

29
Q

What is the dienchepalon?

A

Consists of the thalamus which relays and processes sensory info and the hypothalamus which centers controlling emotions

30
Q

What is the mid brain?

A

Processes visual and auditory data
Maintains consciousness

31
Q

What is the pons?

A

Relays sensory info to the cerebellum and thalamus

32
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Relays sensory info to thalamus and autonomic centre for visceral function

33
Q

What is the cerebullum?

A

Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns

34
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A ridge on the cerebral cortex

35
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A

Frontal lobe- (primary motor cortex- motor response)
Temporal lobe- auditory association area
Occipital lobe- visual association area
Parietal - Primary sensory cortex- receiving and processing sensory info

36
Q

What are the biochemical protection methods for the brain?

A

Blood brain barrier
Isolation of CNS from general circulation through variation in permeability of CNS capillaries (astrocytes)

37
Q

What are the physical protection methods for the brain?

A

Bones of the cranium
Cranial meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid

38
Q

Describe the cranial meninges

A

Layers of connective tissue
Dura mater (Periosteal) then the dural sinus and the dura mater (meningeal layer)
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater - connective tissues between brain and protective layers

39
Q

Describe the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS
Function - cushion, support, transport of nutrients and chemical messengers and waste products

40
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

olfactory, optic, occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

41
Q

What is the olfactory nerve?

A

Sensor
Receptor- olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity

42
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

Sensor
Receptor in the retina
Input from receptors in the eye through optic foramina of the orbits

43
Q

What is the occulomotor nerve?

A

Motor
Control eye movement
Innervates 4 of the 6 extrinsic muscles

44
Q

What is the trochlear nerve?

A

Motor
Moves the eye down and laterally

45
Q

What is the trigeminal nerve?

A

Sensor and motor
Sensation in eyes, nose, forehead, structures of the mouth.
Motor control of the chewing muscles

46
Q

What is the abducens nerve?

A

Motor
Motor control for the lateral movement of the eye

47
Q

What is the facial nerve?

A

Sensor and motor
Sensation of taste, motor control of facial expressions, tear gland and salivary glands

48
Q

What is the vestibulocochlear (acoustic) nerve?

A

Sensor
Balance and hearing

49
Q

What is the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Sensor and motor
Sensation of taste, motor control of pharyngeal muscles for swallowing

50
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

Sensor and motor
Wide roles in abdomen and thorax
Key in cv system

51
Q

What is the accessory nerve?

A

Motor
Motor control of the neck and upper back muscles

52
Q

What is the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Motor
Motor control of muscles in the tongue

Anatomy and Physiology Year 1 (9 decks)

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