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FdSc Vet nursing - Anatomy & Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of tissue

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Sheets of cells that cover and line other tissues
  • They protect underlying tissues and may act to filter biochemical substances
  • Each epithelial cell has an apical surface and basal surface
  • Apical surface - faces outside of the organ
  • Basal surface - faces the basal lamina (base layer) and blood vessels
  • Lateral surfaces are connected to neighbouring cells by junctional complexes
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3
Q

Types of Cellular junctions

A

1) Tight junctions - fusion of layers, no leaks. Urinary bladder, digestive tract
2) Desmosomes - mechanical interlocking, repeated tension and scratching; skin and heart
3) Gap junctions - tubular proteins connect to allow exchange; intestinal epithelial cells, heart and smooth muscle tissue

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4
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue

A
  • Number of layers of cells: Simple ( one layer) or stratified (multiple layers)
  • Shape of the cells: Squamous, cuboidal and columnar
  • Presence of surface specialisations: Cilia, Keratin etc
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5
Q

Surface specialisations

A
  • Smooth
  • Villi - in small intestines, made up of cells lined with microvilli
  • Cilia - Help transport materials
  • Keratin - Protein made by cells
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6
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A
  • Fragile and thin
  • Found lining surfaces involved in the passage of either gas or liquid
  • Flat and smooth
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7
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cube-shaped cells
  • Round, dark staining nuclei aligned in a single row
  • Occurs in areas of the body where secretion and absorption takes place (linen the renal tubules - kidney)
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8
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Elongated and closely packed together
  • Nuclei aligned in a row at the base of the cell near the basement membrane
  • Found in many excretory ducts was well as in the digestive tract
  • Digestive tract tissue is covered by an apical (surface) specialisation
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9
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Multilayered
  • Occurs in areas of the body subject to mechanical and chemical stresses
  • Protect underlying tissues
  • Found in skin, oral cavity and oesophagus
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10
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Usually 2 layers of cuboidal cells
  • Found primarily along large excretory ducts
  • Protects underlying tissues
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11
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Found only in select parts of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems and along some excretory ducts
  • Function in secretion and protection
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12
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Cell nuclei are found oat different levels across the length id the tissue
  • Found in the respiratory tract and in portions of the male reproductive tract
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13
Q

Transitional epithelium

A
  • Stratified epithelium with a basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells and a superficial layer of cuboidal or squamous cells
  • Found in areas of the body required to expand and contract as part of their normal function
  • Found mainly in the bladder and urethra
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14
Q

Exocrine and endocrine glands

A

1) Exocrine
- Discharge secretions via ducts directly into local areas (except goblet cells)
- Unicellular or multicellular
2) Endocrine
- Glands that do not have ducts or tubules and whose secretions are distributed throughout the body
- Produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream or the lymphatic system
- Multicellular

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15
Q

Exocrine cell types

A
  • Apocrine glands - store their secretions and then release them in enclosed membranes
  • Merocrine glands - package their secretions and release them via exocytosis
  • Holocrine glands - store their secretions and then release the entire contents of the cell
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16
Q

Goblet cell

A
  • Unicellular exocrine gland
  • Ductless and composed of modified columnar epithelial cell
  • Found among columnar cells pf the respiratory and digestive tracts and the conjunctiva of the eye
  • Secretes mucin (mucous)
17
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

A

1) Serous secretions:
- Watery
- Contain a high concentration of enzymes
2) Mucous secretions:
- Thick, viscous
- Composed of glycoproteins

  • Mixed exocrine glands contain both mucous and serous components
18
Q

Connective tissue

A

Functions:
- Supports and connects tissues throughout the body
- Makes up a huge proportion of the tissue within the body
- Falls under 7 broad categories:
1) Areolar (loose)
2) Adipose (loose)
3) Fibrous (dense)
4) Cartilage (dense)
- Forms structural connections between other tissues
- Forms a protective sheath around organs and helps insulate the body
- Acts as a reserve for energy
- Composes the medium that transports substances from one region of the body to another
- Plays a role in the healing process and in control of invading microorganisms

19
Q

Connective tissue components

A

1) Ground substance:
- Medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste within the blood stream
- Amorphous (without shape)
- Ranges in texture - liquid/gel
- Acts to protect the more delicate cells it envelopes
- Serves as an effective obstacle for invading microorganisms
2) Protein fibres (extracellular fibres)
- The majority of connective tissue is made up of these two proteins: Collagen and Elastin
- Collagen - dense, strong, fibrous - found in high quantities in tendons and ligaments
- Elastin - allows stretch and compliance - found in high quantities in skin, blood vessel walls, vocal tissue, lungs
3) Cells (in connective tissue)
- Fixed cells: involved in production and maintenance of the matrix - fibroblasts (collagen/elastin), chrondroblasts (cartilage), osteoblasts (bone), adipocytes (store fat)
- Transient cells - involved in the repair and protection of tissues - leukocytes (WBC’s), mast cells, macrophages

20
Q

Areolar (loose) connective tissue

A
  • Fibres and cells suspended in a thick, translucent ground substance
  • Predominant cell is the fibroblast
  • Surrounds every organ; forms the layer that connects skin to muscle; envelopes blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes; present in all mucous membranes
21
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A
  • Areolar tissue in which adipocytes predominate
  • Highly vascular
  • Acts as an energy storehouse and a thermal insulator (almost unlimited storage)
22
Q

Dense regular tissue

A
  • Composed of tightly packed, parallel collagen fibres
  • Relatively avascular
  • Makes up tendons and ligaments
  • Can be found in fascial sheets that cover muscle
  • Tendons - attach bone to muscle
  • Ligaments - attach bone to bone
23
Q

Dense irregular tissue

A
  • Composed primarily of collagen fibres arranged in thick bundles
  • Fibres are interwoven to form a single sheet
  • Found in the dermis of the skin and in the fibrous coverings of many organs
  • Forms the tough capsule of joints
24
Q

Dense elastic tissue

A
  • Primarily composed of elastic fibres
  • Fibres may be arranged parallel or interwoven patterns with fibroblasts and collagenous fibres interspersed
  • Found in spaces between vertebrae and in areas of the body that require stretching (walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder etc)
25
Q

Specialised connective tissue

A
  • Cartilage - hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
26
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Found in joints and in the ear, nose and vocal chords
  • Forms a framework on which bone is formed
  • No innervation; avascular (no blood supply)
  • Cells: Chondrocytes: Cartilage cells, Chrondroblasts develop into chondrocytes
  • Matrix: Collagen fibres are most commonly found in the matrix, but elastic fibres are also present in varying amounts
  • Hyaline - most common type. Found in between joints and in embryonic skeleton
  • Elastic - higher levels of elastin. Found in larynx and pinna
  • Fibrocartilage - found in between vertebrae (intravertebral discs)
27
Q

Mucous membranes

A
  • Line organs with connections to the outside environment (mouth, intestines, nasal passages etc)
  • Usually composed of either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue (areolar)
  • Produces mucus via goblet cells

FdSc Vet nursing - Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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