Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FdSc Vet nursing - Anatomy & Physiology > The Skeletal system > Flashcards

The Skeletal system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Pharmacology flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Adult Health flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards
1
Q

Bone

A
  • 2nd hardest substance in the body
  • Composed of cells embedded in the matrix
  • Matrix is made up of collagen fibres embedded in protein and polysaccharides
  • Bone is primarily made up of calcium and phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of bone

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Leverage
  • Storage
  • Blood cell formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of bone

A

1) Cancellous bone
- Light and spongy
- Tiny ‘spicules’ of bone that appear randomly arranged
- Spaces between the spicules contain bone marrow

2) Compact bone
- Dense and heavy
- Shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones
- Composed of Haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Haversian canals

A
  • Concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central canal
  • Blood and lymph vessels and nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood supply to bone

A
  • Volkmann canals - channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels - connect Haversian canals to periosteum
  • Blood vessels in the Volkmann canals join with blood vessels in the Haversian systems
  • Nutrient foramina - channels in many large bones - contain large blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bone structure

A
  • Periosteum - membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones
  • Outer layer is composed of fibrous tissue
  • Inner layer contains osteoblasts
  • Not present on articular surfaces
  • Endosteum - membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of bones (contains osteoblasts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone cells

A
  • Osteoblasts - cells that produce bone
  • Harden matrix through ossification
  • Once surrounded by bone, osteoblasts are called osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts - remodel/remove bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of bone marrow

A

1) Red bone marrow
- Forms red blood cells
- Majority of the bone marrow of young animals
- Only a small amount of the marrow in older animals
- Confined to a few specific locations in older animals

2) Yellow bone marrow
- Consists primarily of adipose connective tissue (fat)
- Most common type of marrow in adult animals
- Can revert to red bone marrow if needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bone shapes

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bone features

A
  • Articular (joint surfaces
  • Condyle - large, round articular surface
  • Head - spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone - joins with the shaft of the bone at the neck region
  • Facet - flat articular surface
  • Humeral condyles are a common site of fracture in dogs - specifically in spaniels
  • Foramen - hole in a bone; may contain blood vessels, nerves
  • Fossa - depressed area on the surface of a bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Axial skeleton - Skull

A
  • Maxilla refers to the upper jaw
  • Most of the skull bones are joints called sutures
  • The mandible (lower jaw) is connected to the rest of the skull by a synovial joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Axial skeleton - Hyoid bone

A
  • Sometimes included with the cranial bones
  • Also called the hyoid apparatus
  • Composed of several portions of bone untied by cartilage
  • Supports the larynx and ‘voice box’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Axial skeleton - Vertebrae

A
  • Consists of a body, an arch and processes
  • Intervertebral discs - cartilage separating bodies of adjacent vertebrae
    Vertebral regions:
  • Cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis)
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Sacral vertebrae
  • Coccygeal vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Axial skeleton - Ribs

A
  • Flat bones that form lateral walls of the thorax
  • Dorsa; heads of the ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae
  • Costochrondral junction: area where costal cartilage meets bony rib
  • Costal cartilage joins the sternum or the costal cartilage ahead of them
  • The last rib is classed as a floating rib - these do not join at the sternum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Axial skeleton - Sternum

A
  • The breastbone
  • Forms the floor of the thorax
  • Composed of sternabrae
  • Manibrium sterni - most cranial sternebra
  • Xiphoid process (xiphisternum) - most caudal sternebra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Scapula

A
  • Flat, triangular bone
  • Forms portion of the shoulder joint
  • Spine of the scapula - longitudinal ridge on lateral surface
  • Glenoid cavity - shallow, concave articular surface
17
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Clavicle

A
  • The collarbone
  • This is free floating in cats and rudimentary in dogs . it resides in the brachiosephallicus muscle
  • While dogs do have a clavicle, it is rudimentary within the brachiosephallicus muscle and it is rarely seen on x-ray, it has no functional role in the canine shoulder
18
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Brachium/Antebrachium

A
  • This divides the thoracic limb (foreleg)
19
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Humerus

A
  • Long bone of the brachium (upper half forelimb)
  • Forms portions of the shoulder and elbow joints
  • Tubercles - processes where shoulder muscles attach
  • Condyles - articular surfaces
20
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Ulna

A
  • Part of the antebrachium
  • Olecranon process - point of elbow, site for tendon attachment or triceps brachia muscle
  • Anconceal and coronoid processes articulate with the humerus
  • The ulna is prone to ‘greenstick’ fractures
  • We don’t repair a fractured ulna without displacement if the radius is intact, as it is not a weight baring axis
21
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Radius

A
  • Main weight bearing bone of the antebrachium
  • Articulates with humerus and ulna
  • Styloid process articulates with carpus
22
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Carpus

A
  • Wrist
  • Two rows of bones are names (“radical carpal bone” “ ulnar carpal bone” etc)
  • Distal row bones are numbered medial to lateral
23
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Metacarpals

A
  • Bones in front of paws
  • extend distally from distal carpal bones to proximal phalanges
  • Dogs and cats - 5 bones
24
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Thoracic limb phalanges

A
  • Phalanges (pl), Phalanx singular (bones in digits)
  • Proximal, middle, distal
  • Numbered 1-5
  • Ungual process - within the claw on distal phalanx
  • Digit 1 (dewclaw): One proximal and one distal phalanx
  • Digits 2-5: A proximal, a middle and a distal phalanx
25
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Pelvis

A

3 fused bones
- Ilium - projects in dorsocranial direction and forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum
- Ischium - most caudal pelvic bone
- Pubis - forms cranial portion of the pelvic floor
- Pubic symphysis - cartilaginous joint between the 2 halves of the pelvis

26
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Femur

A
  • Proximal end forms part of the hip joint
  • Femoral head fits deeply into acetabulum of pelvis
  • Trochlea articular groove containing the patella (knee cap)
27
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Tibia

A
  • Main weight-bearing bone of lower limb
  • Forms the stifle joint with femur, the hock with the tarsus
28
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Fibula

A
  • Parallel to tibia
  • Not weight-bearing
  • Serves as a muscle attachment site
29
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Tarsus

A
  • Hock (ankle)
  • 2 rows of tarsal bones
  • Proximal row is named
  • Distal row is numbered medial to lateral
  • Calcaneal tuberosity (ankle): point of attachment for the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle
30
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Metatarsal bones

A
  • Dogs and Cats - 4 metatarsal bones (1-5)
  • It is uncommon for canine and feline patients to have a hind dewclaw
31
Q

Appendicular skeleton - Pelvic limb phalanges

A
  • Similar to limb phalanges
  • Exceptions: Dogs and cats usually only 4 digits (2-5)
32
Q

Sesamoid bones - bones within tendons

A

Patella - Knee cap:
- Large sesamoid bone
- Formed in the distal tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
- Protects the tendon
Fabellae:
- 2 small sesamoid bones in proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of dogs and cats
- Not present in cattle or horses

33
Q

Splanchnic/Visceral skeleton:

A
  • Bones that form in organs
    Examples:
  • Os cordis: in heart of cattle and sheep
  • Os penis: in penis of dogs, beaver, racoons, and walruses
  • Os rostri: in nose of swine
34
Q

Types of joints

A

1) Fibrous joints: immovable
2) Cartilaginous joints: slightly moveable
3) Synovial joints: freely moveable

35
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Large range of movement
    Components:
  • Articular surfaces on bones
  • Articular cartilage (hyaline) covering articular surfaces
  • Fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Ligaments - fibrous connective tissue

FdSc Vet nursing - Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions