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Anaphy Prelims > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

GROUP OF CELLS with similar
structure and function that
have similar extracellular
substances located between
them

A

Tissues

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2
Q

is the microscopic STUDY OF TISSUES
Much information about a person’s health can be gained by examining tissues.

A

Histology

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3
Q

covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.

  • external and internal
    surfaces throughout
    the body
    • outer layer of the skin
A

Epithelial Tissue

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4
Q

Specialized cell contacts bind
adjacent epithelial cells together and to the extracellular matrix
of the basement membrane.

A

Cell and matrix connections

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5
Q

Protecting underlying structures
• Acting as sa barrier
• Permitting the passage of substances
• Secreting substances
• Absorbing substances

A

Functions of Epithelia

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6
Q

consists of a SINGLE LAYER of cells, with each
cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.

A

Simple Epithelium

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7
Q

consists of MORE THAN ONE LAYER of cells,
but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane.

A

Stratified Epithelium

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8
Q

It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells ATTACHED to the basement membrane.

*pseudo means false

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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9
Q

Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells; the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed in cross section because the cells are so flat

  • Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against friction
A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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10
Q

cells are flat or scalelike.

A

Squamous

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11
Q

cells are CUBED SHAPED about as wide as
they are tall.

A

Cuboidal

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12
Q

(tall and thin, similar to a column) cells tend to be
taller than they are wide.

A

Columnar

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13
Q

a function of epithelial tissue where the outer layer of the skin and the epithelium of the oral cavity protect the underlying structures from abrasion.

A

Protecting underlying structures

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14
Q

A function of the epithelium where the Epithelium prevents many substances from
moving through it.

A

Acting as a barrier

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15
Q

A function of the epithelium where the Epithelium allows many substances to move through it.

A

Permitting the passage of substances

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16
Q

A function of the epithelium where Mucous glands, sweat glands, and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas are all composed of epithelial cells that secrete their products onto surfaces or into ducts that carry them to other areas of the body

A

Secreting substances

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17
Q

A function of the epithelium where The plasma membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain carrier proteins which regulate the ABSORPTION of materials.

A

Absorbing substances

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18
Q

Single layer of cube-
shaped cells; some cells have
microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia
(terminal bronchioles of the lungs)

  • Secretion and absorption
    by cells of the kidney tubules;
    secretion by cells of glands and
    choroid plexuses; movement of
    particles embedded in mucus
    out of the terminal bronchioles
    by ciliated cells
A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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19
Q

SINGLE LAYER OF TALL,
narrow cells; some cells have cilia
(bronchioles of lungs, auditory
tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus)
or microvilli (intestines)

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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20
Q

Movement of particles
out of the bronchioles of the lungs
by ciliated cells; partially responsible
for the MOVEMENT OF OOCYTES through
the uterine tubes by ciliated cells

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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21
Q

Multiple layers of cells that
are cube-shaped in the basal layer and
progressively FLATTENED TOWARD THE SURFACE;
the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist)
or keratinized

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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22
Q

Protects against abrasion, forms
a barrier against infection, and
reduces loss of water from the body

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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23
Q

Multiple layers of
somewhat cube-shaped cells

*function: Secretion,absorption,protection against infection

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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24
Q

MULTIPLE LAYERS OF CELLS WITH TALL, THIN CELLS resting on layers of more cube-shaped cells; the
cells are ciliated in the larynx.

*Function: Protection, secretion

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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25
Q

Single layer of cells;
SOME cells are TALL AND THIN and
reach the FREE SURFACE, and others
do NOT; the nuclei of these cells
are at different levels and appear
stratified

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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26
Q

SYNTHESIZE AND SECRETE MUCUS ONTO THE FREE SURFACE; move
mucus (or fluid) that contains
foreign particles over the surface of
the free surface and from passages

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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27
Q

Stratified cells that
appear cube-shaped when the
organ or tube is not STRETCHED and
squamous when the organ or tube
is STRETCHED FLUID; the number of
layers also decreases on stretch

A

Transitional Epithelium

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28
Q

Accommodates FLUCTUATIONS in the
volume of FLUID in an organ or a tube;
protects against the coustic effects
of urine

A

Transitional Epithelium

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29
Q

a STRUCTURE that SECRETES substances onto a surface, into a cavity or into the blood.

A

Glands

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30
Q

glands with ducts

A

Exocrine Glands

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31
Q

Glands that have a SINGLE duct

A

Simple

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32
Q

glands with ducts that BRANCH

A

Compound

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33
Q

Glands with secretory regions shaped as TUBULES

A

Tubular

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34
Q

those shaped in SACLIKE structures

A

Acinar Or Alveolar

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35
Q

products are released, but no ACTUAL CELLULAR material is lost;

  • sweat, digestive enzyme
A

Merocrine Secretion

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36
Q

secretory products are released
as FRAGMENTS of the gland cell;

*milk secretion

A

Apocrine Secretion

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37
Q

involves the SHREDDING of the entire
cells;

*sebaceous glands of the skin

A

Holocrine Secretion

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38
Q

HAVE NO DUCTS and empty
their secretions into the
blood

A

Endocrine Glands

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39
Q

carried by the blood to other parts of the
body

A

Hormones

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40
Q

Glands that is part of the pancreas.

A

Thyroid Glands

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41
Q

Large amounts of extracellular material that separates cells from one another.

*Extracellular material/ectracellular matrix

A

Connective Tissue

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42
Q

consist of COLLAGEN, which ­ is the
most abundant PROTEIN in the body

A

Collagen Fibers

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43
Q

are very fine collagen
fibers and therefore not a chemically distinct category of fibers.

They are very short, thin fibers that branch to form a network
and appear different microscopically from other collagen fibers.

A

Reticular Fibers

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44
Q

consist of a protein called ELASTIN As
the name suggests, this protein has the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic
quality.

A

Elastic Fibers

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45
Q

shapeless background against which
cells and collagen fibers can be seen

A

Ground Substance

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46
Q

resemble the limbs of pine trees, with
proteins forming the branches and polysaccharides
forming the pine needles.

A

Proteoglycans

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47
Q

germ) (produce the matrix)

A

-blast

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48
Q

(cell) (maintain it)

A

Cyte

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49
Q

(break) (break it down for remodeling)

A

-clast

50
Q

large white blood cells that are capable of
moving about and ingesting foreign substances

A

Macrophages

51
Q

non motile cells that release chemicals, s/as
histamine that promote inflammatio

A

Mast Cells

52
Q

A function of connective tissue where Sheets of connective tissue FORM CAPSULES around organs, such as the liver and kidneys

  • separate tissues and
    organs. For example, connective tissues ­ separate muscles, arteries,
    veins, and nerves from one another
A

Enclosing and separating other tissues

53
Q

A function of the connective tissue where Strong cables, or bands, of

*connective tissue called tendons attach muscles to bone, whereas

*connective tissue bands called ligaments hold bones together.

A

Connecting Tissue to one another

54
Q

A function of the connective tissue where Bones of the skeletal
system provide rigid support for the body, and the

*semirigid cartilage supports structures

A

Supporting and moving parts of the body

55
Q

A function of the connective tissue where Adipose tissue (fat) STORES high-energy mol-
ecules, and bones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphate.

A

Storing Compounds

56
Q

A function of the connective tissue where Adipose tissue CUSIONS and protects the tissue it surrounds and provides an INSULATING layer
beneath the skin that helps conserve heat.

A

Cushioning And Insulating

57
Q

A function of the connective tissue where Blood TRANSPORTS the gases, nutrients, enzymes,
hormones, and cells of the immune system throughout the body.

A

Transporting

58
Q

A function of the connective tissue where Cells of the immune system and blood protect against toxins and tissue injury, as well as against microorganisms. Bones PROTECT underlying structures from injury.

A

Protection

59
Q

2 major categories of connective tissues

A

Embryonic
Adult

60
Q

is called ­ (mesenchyme) It is composed of IRREGULARLY shaped ­ fibroblasts surrounded by abundant, semifluid ­ extracellular ­ matrix in which
delicate collagen fibers are distributed

A

Embryonic Connective

61
Q

most of the mesenchyme has become SPECIALIZED to form the types of connective tissue seen in ADULTS, as well as muscle, blood vessels,
and other tissues.

A

Adult Connective Tissue

62
Q

3 types of Adult Connective Tissue

A

Connective Tissue Proper (Loose and dense)
Supporting Connective Tissue (Cartilage and Bone)
Fluid Connective Tissue (Blood)

63
Q

within a fine network of
mostly collagen fibers; often merges with
denser connective tissue

  • LOOSE PACKING, support, and
    nourishment for the structures with
    which it is associated
A

Areolar Tissue

64
Q

little extracellular matrix surrounding
cells; the ADIPOCYTES are so full of lipid that the
cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell

  • Packing material, thermal
    insulation, energy storage, and protection
    of organs against injury from being
    bumped or jarred
A

Adipose Connective Tissue

65
Q

Fine network of RETICULAR fibers
irregularly arranged

  • Provides a superstructure for
    lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues
A

Reticular Connective Tissue

66
Q

most common cell in loose connective tissue;
produces matrix

A

Fibroblasts

67
Q

attach muscle to the bone

A

Tendons

68
Q

attach bones to other bones

A

Ligaments

69
Q

connective tissue of the skin

A

Dermis

70
Q

Has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of COLLAGEN FIBERS.

A

Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue

71
Q

Collagen fibers are oriented in the
SAME DIRECTION in tendons and ligaments

A

Dense Regular

72
Q

oriented in DIFFERENT DIRECTION s/as
in dermis and in organ capsules

A

Dense Irregular

73
Q

Matrix composed of collagen fibers
running in somewhat the same direction

A

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

74
Q

Matrix composed of REGULARLY ARRANGED collagen fibers and ELASTIC FIBERS

A

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

75
Q

ABUNDANT ELASTIC FIBERS ; allow the tissue to stretch and
recoil

A

Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

76
Q

composed of CHONDROCYTES or CARTILAGE CELLS
(located in spaces called lacunae)

  • collagen for flexibility and stregnth
    • heals slowly due to absence of blood vessels
    • RIGID and ELASTIC
A

Cartilage

77
Q

• Most abundant type
• covers ends of the bones (joints)
• cartilage rings of the respiratory tract, nasal cartilages and costal cartilages

A

Hyaline

78
Q

The SURFACE of nearly all cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Perichondrium

79
Q

Collagen fibers are small and EVENLY DISPERSED in the matrix, making the matrix
appear

transparent; the cartilage cells, or chondrocytes,
are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm
but flexible matrix

A

Hyaline Cartilage

80
Q

allows the growth of long
bones; provides rigidity with some
flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs,
and nose; forms rugged, smooth, yet
somewhat flexible articulating surfaces;
forms the embryonic skeleton

A

Hyaline Cartilage

81
Q

Collagen fibers similar to those in
hyaline cartilage; the fibers ARE MORE NUMEROUS
than in other cartilages and are arranged in
THICK BUNDLES.

A

Fibrocartilage

82
Q

Somewhat flexible and
capable of withstanding considerable pressure;
connects structures subjected to great pressure

A

Fibrocartilage

83
Q

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix
also contains ELASTIC FIBERS.

  • Provides rigidity with even more
    FLEXIBILITY than hyaline cartilage because
    elastic fibers return to their original shape
    after being STRETCHED

*COLLAGEN AND PROTEOGLYCANS

A

Elastic Cartilage

84
Q

HARD CONNECTIVE TISSUE that
consist of living cells and a mineralized matrix

  • strong and rigid for
    support and protection
    • compact and spongy
A

Bone

85
Q

Bone cells

A

Osteocytes

86
Q

Where are Osteocytes located

A

Lacunae

87
Q

MATRIX IS FLUID which enables for transportaion of nutrients, oxygen, waste products and other material

A

Blood

88
Q

able to CONTRACT or
shorten, making
movement possible

A

Muscle Tissue

89
Q

3 types of Muscle Tissue

A

*Skeletal
*Smooth
*Cardiac

90
Q

40% of a person’s body weight
• attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move
• described as VOLUNTARY

LONG AND CYLINDRICAL, with several nuclei per cell
• striated or banded because of the arrangement of
contractile proteins within the cell

A

Skeletal Muscle

91
Q

Movement of the body:
under VOLUNTARY CONTROL

A

Skeletal muscle

92
Q

MUSCLE OF THE HEART; responsible for pumping blood
• INVOLUNTARY control

A

Cardiac Muscle

93
Q

CONNECTS the cardiac muscle to
each other

A

Intercalated Disks

94
Q

cylindrical and
striated and have a single nucleus; they
are branched and connected to one
another by intercalated disks,

A

Cardiac Muscle

95
Q

Forms the walls of hollow organs (except the heart)
• skin and eyes
• moving food through the digestive tract and emptying the
urinary bladder
• controlled INVOLUNTARY
• TAPERED at each end, have a single nucleus and NOT STRIATED

A

Smooth Muscle

96
Q

Regulates the size of organs, forces
fluid through tubes, controls the
amount of light entering the eye,
and produces “goose bumps” in
the skin;

A

Smooth Muscle

97
Q

Forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves
*COORDINATING AND CONTROLLING many body activities
• functions depends on the ability of nerve cells to
communicate with each other through action potentials
• consist of neurons and support cells
• NEURONS

A

Nervous TISSUE

98
Q

Responsible for conducting action potentials

A

Neurons

99
Q

3 parts of Neurons

A

Cell Body
Dendrites
Axons

100
Q

CONTAINS THE NUCLEUS and is the site of general
cell functions

A

Cell Body

101
Q

RECEIVE STIMULI leading to electrical changes

A

Dendrites

102
Q

where the ACTION POTENTIALS USUALLY (ORIGINATES)

A

Axons

103
Q

SUPPORT CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM; nourish,
protect and insulate the neurons

A

Neuroglia

104
Q

thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines
a cavity
• consists of epithelium and the connective tissue on which
the epithelium rests

A

Tissue Membranes

105
Q

4 Tissue membranes in the Body

A

Skin
Mucuous
Serous Membrane
Synovial Membrane

106
Q

Thick layer of loose connective tissue
• line cavities that open to the outside of the body
(digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts)
• many mucous membranes have mucous glands which
secrete mucus

A

Mucous Membranes

107
Q

simple squamous epithelium resting on a delicate layer of
loose connective tissue.
• line the trunk cavities and cover the organs
• secrete serous fluid, covers the surface of the membrane
• PLEURAL, PERICARDIAL , PERITONEAL

A

Serous Membranes

108
Q

Made up of connective tissue
• line the inside of joint cavities (the space where bones)
come together within a movable joint
• reduce friction and allow smooth movement
• Synovial fluid

A

Synovial Membranes

109
Q

is the response that occurs when
tissues are damaged.

A

Inflammation

110
Q

Inflammation has five major manifestations

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Disturbed Function

111
Q

are released or activated in the injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels

  • histamine, kinins, prostaglandins,
    leukotrienes, and others
A

Chemical Mediators

112
Q

results when water, proteins and other
substances from the blood move into the tissues.

A

EDEMA or swelling

113
Q

walls of the site of injury

A

Fibrin

114
Q

The surface of the clot dries to form a___________?, which seals the wound and helps prevent infection.

A

Scab

115
Q

They ingest bacteria, thus helping fight infection, and they ingest tissue debris and clear the area for repair.

A

Neutrophil

116
Q

Neutrophils are killed
in this process and can accumulate as a mixture of dead cells and fluid called__________?

A

Pus

117
Q

Results when the agent responsible for an injury is not removed or something else interferes with the healing process

A

Chronic Inflammation

118
Q

substitution of viable cells for dead cells
• occurs by regeneration or by fibrosis

A

Tissue Repair

119
Q

same cells as destroyed cells

A

Regeneration

120
Q

new type of tissue develops

A

Fibrosis

121
Q

saclike structure

A

Acinus or Alveolus

Anaphy Prelims (5 decks)

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