Human Organism Flashcards
are physical characteristics that DIFFER
from the normal pattern.
Anatomical Anomalies
is the scientific investigation of the processes or
FUNCTIONS of living things.
Physiology
examines the processes occurring in cells,
Cell Physiology
considers the functions of ORGAN SYSTEM
Systemic Physiology
focuses on the nervous system,
Neurophysiology
deals with the heart and blood vessels.
cardiovascular physiology
is the medical science
dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease.
Pathology
is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s
structure—for example, the shape and size of bones.
*To cut apart, dissect, separate
Anatomy
involves interactions between ATOMS, which are tiny building blocks of matter.
Chemical Level
CELLS are the basic structural and functional units
of plants and animals.
Cell Level
A TISSUE is composed of a group of similar cells
and the materials surrounding them.
Tissue Level
An ORGAN is composed of two or more tissue types
that perform one or more common functions.
Organ Level
An ORGAN SYSTEM is a group of organs
that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
Organ System Level
An ORGANSIM is any living thing considered
as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
Organism Level
A characteristic of life that refers to the specific INTERRELATIONSHIPS among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Organization
A characteristic of life that refers to all of the CHEMICAL REACTIONS taking place in an organism.
Metabolism
A characteristic of life that is an organism’s ability to SENSE CHANGES in its external or internal
environment and adjust to those changes.
Responsiveness
A characteristic if life that refers to an INCREASE in the SIZE OR NUMBER OF CELLS, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an
organism.
Growth
includes the changes an organism undergoes
through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death.
Development
A part of development that is change in CELL STRUCTURE and function from generalized to specialized
Differentiation
A lart of development that is change
in the SHAPE OF TISSUES, ORGANS, AND THE ENTIRE ORGANISM.
Morphogenesis
A characteristic of life where the FORMATION OF NEW CELLS or new organisms.
*Whithout this growth and development are not possible
*Without this organisms and species become extinct
Reproduction
Provides protection, regulates temperature,
prevents water loss, and helps produce
vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and
sweat glands.
Integumentary System
Provides protection and support, allows
body movements, produces blood cells, and
stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones,
associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal System
Produces body movements, maintains
posture, and produces body heat. Consists of
muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Muscular System
Removes foreign substances from the blood
and lymph, combats disease, maintains
tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from
the digestive tract.
- Consists of the lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic
organs.
Lymphatic System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood and air and regulates
blood pH.
Respiratory System
Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Digestive System
A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements,
physiological processes, and intellectual
functions.
*Regulates the other systems
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous System
A major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many
other functions.
- Consists of glands, such as
the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Endocrine System
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; plays
a role in the immune response and the
regulation of body temperature.
- Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Cardiovascular system
Removes waste products from the blood and
regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water
balance.
- Consists of the kidneys, urinary
bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
Urinary System
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization
and fetal development; produces milk for the
newborn; produces hormones that influence
sexual function and behaviors.
- Consists of the
ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and
associated structures.
Female Reproductive System
Produces and transfers sperm cells to
the female and produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and behaviors.
- Consists of the testes, accessory structures,
ducts, and penis.
Male Reproductive System
is the existence and MAINTENANCE OF A RELATIVELY CONSTANT environment within the body.
Homeostasis
2 homeostatic Mechanisms
Sweating and Shivering
means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.
- maintains variation within normal range
Negative Feedback
Monitors the value of a variable.
Receptor
establishes the set point around which the
variable is maintained.
*Receives the information from the receptor
Control Center (Brain)
which produces responses that change the value of the variable.
Effector
when the value deviates from normal, the system’s
response is to make the deviation even greater
Positive Feedback
refers to a person standing erect with the face
directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
Anatomical Position
A person when lying face upward.
Supine
A Person when lying face downward.
Prone
Means down
Inferior
Means Up
Superior
Toward the tail synonimous to inferior
Caudal
Toward the head synonymous to superior
Cephalic
towards the belly
Ventral
Towards the back
Dorsal
The front of the body
Anterior
The back of the body
Posterior
Closer to the point of attachment to the body than
another structure
Proximal
Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Distal
Away from the midline of the body .
Lateral
Toward the midline of the body
Medial
Toward or on the surface
Superficial
Away from the surface, internal
Deep
The abdomen is often subdivided superficially into____________? by two imaginary lines
Quadrants
the abdomen is sometimes subdivided into____________? by four imaginary lines
Regions
A cut through the long axis of the organ.
Longitudinal Section
a cut at right angles to the long axis
Transverse Section
a cut is made across the long axis at
other than a right angle.
Oblique Section
A plane that runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portions.
Sagittal Plane
is a sagittal plane that passes through
the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
Median Plane
runs parallel to the ground, dividing
the body into superior and inferior portions.
Transverse Plane
A plane that runs vertically from right to left
and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal (coronal) plane
The cavity the is surrounded by the Rib cage.
Thoracic Cavity
The thoracic cavity is divided into right and left parts by a median partition.
- contains the heart, the thymus,
the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures, such as blood
vessels and nerves.
Mediastinum
It is primaeily enclosed by the abdominal muscles
- which contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen,
the pancreas, and the kidneys.
Abdominal Cavity
Small spaces thats encased by pelvic bones
- where the urinary bladder, part of the
large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs are housed.
Pelvic Cavity
The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and sometimes are called the____________?
Abdominopelvic Cavity
line the trunk cavities and cover the
organs within these cavities.
Serous membranes
A part of the serous membrane that covers the inner part.
Visceral
a part of the serous membrane that covers the outer part.
Parietal
A cavity that surrounds the heart.
Pericardial Cavity
A cavity that surrounds the lungs
- Each lung is covered by visceral pleura
Pleural Cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane–lined cavity called the __________?
*Covers the rest of the organs
Peritoneal Cavity
Greek word for Anatomy
Anatomia
