Skeletal System Flashcards
consists of bones
along with their associated connective
tissue (cartilage, tendons and
ligaments).
• consists of dynamic, living tissues that
are able to grow
The skeletal system
a place where
two bones cometogether; some are
movable, some have limited movement
A joint or an articulation
Functions of the skeletan system
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell production
A function of the skeletal system that is Rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing weight and
is the major supporting tissue of the body.
Support
A function of the skeletal system where Bone is hard and protects the organs it surrounds. For example, the skull encloses and protects the brain, and thevertebrae surround the spinal cord.
Protection
Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, which
are strong bands of connective tissue. Contraction of the skeletal muscles moves the bones, producing body movements.
Movement
Some minerals in the blood are taken into bone and
stored. Should blood levels of these minerals decrease, the minerals are released from bone into the blood.
Storage
Many bones contain cavities filled with
red bone marrow, which gives rise to blood cells and platelets
Blood cell production
always contain collagen, ground substance and
other organic molecules as well as water and
minerals.
• Collagen/proteoglycans
Extracellular Matrix
large amount of
collagen fibers
matrix of tendons and ligaments
The organic material consists primarily of
collagen and proteoglycans.
Bone Matrix
The inorganic material consists primarily
of a calcium phosphate crystal
Hydroxyapatite
are categorized as osteoblasts, osteo-
cytes, and osteoclasts. Each cell type has different
functions and a different origin.
Bone cells
which are boneforming cells, have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes.
Osteoblasts
membrane-bound sacs formed
when the plasma membrane buds, or protrudes
outward, and pinches off.
matrix vesicles
is the formation of bone by osteoblasts.
Ossification or Osteogenesis
Once an osteoblast becomes surrounded by bone matrix, it is referred to a_________?
Lacunae
and the spaces occupied by the osteocyte
cell processes are called
*Little Canals
Canaliculi
are bone-destroying cells. These cells perform reabsorption, or breakdown, of bone that mobilizes crucial Ca2+ and phosphate ions for use in many metabolic processes.
Osteoclasts
are stem cells that can become
osteoblasts or chondroblasts.
Osteochondral progenitor cells
longer than they are wide; upper
and lower limbs
long
wrist and ankle
Short
relatively thin and flattened shape:
certain skull bones, ribs, scapulae,
sternum
flat
vertebrae and facial bones
irregular
is the part of a long bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from
that of the diaphysis.
epiphysis
separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
Double-layered connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of bone except where articular cartilage is present; ligaments and tendons attachto bone through the periosteum; blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum supply the bone; is where bone grows in diameter
Periosteum
Thin connective tissue membrane lining the inner
cavities of bone
Endosteum
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering a bone where it forms a joint (articulation) with another bone
Articular Cartilage
Bone having many small spaces; found mainly in the
epiphysis; arranged into trabeculae
Spongy Bone
Dense bone with few internal spaces organized into
osteons; forms the diaphysis and covers the spongy
bone of the epiphyses
Compact Bone
Large cavity within the diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Connective tissue in the spaces of spongy bone or in
the medullary cavity; the site of blood cell production
Red Marrow
Fat stored within the medullary cavity or in the spaces of spongy bone
Yellow Marrow
bone-forming cells in the periosteum and endosteum for bone repair and remodeling
Osteoblasts
extracellular matrix
Lamellae
concentric rings of
lamellae surrounding the
Haversian canal
Compact Bone
located mainly on the epiphyses
of long bones
• interior of all other bones
Spongy Bone Cancellous Bone
interconnecting
plates of bone ; filled with
marrow; no blood vessels
Trabeculae
occurs within connective tissue membrane;
bones of the skull; ossification centers
Intramembranous Ossification
occurs within the cartilage; bones at the base
of the skull and remaining skeletal
system; primary ossification center,
secondary ossification center
Endochondral Ossification
deposition of new bone
lamellae onto existing
bone or other connective
tissue
Bone Growth
Increase in width or
diameter ; deposit new
bone matrix on the
surface of the bone
Appositional growth
growth in the length of
the bone; occurs in the
epiphyseal plate
Endochondral growth
removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the
deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
responsible for changes in bone shape, adjustment
to stress and calcium regulation in the body fluids.
Bone Remodeling
bone thickness increase
and might develop an abnormality
too much bone deposited
too litte bone deposited
Osteoporosis
Blood released from damaged blood vessels forms a hematoma
Hematoma Formation
The internal callus forms between the ends of the bones, and the external callus forms a collar around the break.
Callus Formation
Woven, spongy bone replaces the internal and external calluses.
Callus Ossification
Compact bone replaces woven bone, and part of the internal callus is removed, restoring the medullary cavity
Bone remodeling
critical for normal muscle and nervous system function
• when osteoblast and osteoclast activity is balanced, movement of ca into and out of a
bone are equal
• maintained by 3 hormones
Calcium Homeostasis
Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone
• stimuates kidney to take up calcium from urine and return it to blood
• formation of active vitamin D, promotes calcium absorption from small
intestine
PTH
Decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity
Calcitonin
How many bones does an adult have
206
a hole in a bone
Foramen
tunnel-like
passage throught the bone
Canal/meatus
depression in a bone
fossa
lump on a bone
tubercle/tuberosity
site of muscle attachment
Tubecles and processes
axial and appendicular
Skeletal bones division
These are part of the axial skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
encloses the cranial
cavity; 8 bones that surround
and protect the brain; 14 facial
bones
Braincase
freely movable joint
of the face
Mandible
bony part; perpendicular part of the
ethmoid)
Nasal septum
projections of the
ethmoid bone
concha
decrease the weight of the skull and act as
resonating chambers during
voice production
Paranasal Sinuses
open into the
middle ear ; auditory tube
connects the middle ear to the
naspharynx
Mastoid Air Cells
Interior of the Cranial Cavity
3 cranial fossae (anterior, middle and posterior)
foramen rotundum and foramen ovale transmits important vessels and nerves of the face; foramen magnum
Spinal cord
unpaired, U-shaped Bone
• not part of the skull and has
no direct bony attachment
to the skull
• attachment for some tongue
muscles, neck muscles
The Hyoid bone
Five Major functions of the
vertebral column
- Supports the weight of the
head and trunk - protects the spinal cord
- allows spinal nerves to exit
the spinal cord - Provides a site for muscle
attachment - permits movement of the
head and trunk
central axis of the skeleton,
extending from the base of
the skull to slightly past the
end of the pelvis
• 26 individual bones
Vertebral Column
Separate the vertebral
bodies; formed by fibrocartilage
Intervertbeal Disks
Protects the vital organs within
thorax and prevents the collapse
of the thorax during respiration
• Consists of the thoracic
vertebrae, ribs and associated
cartilages and sternum
Rib Cage
where the sternum articulates with the
clavicle
Jugular Notch
location of the 2nd rib
sternal angle
flat triangular bone
with 3 large fossae
scapula (shoulder blade)
where head of humerus is
connected
Glenoid Fossa
2 scapulae ; 2 clavicle (attach the upper limb to
the body)
Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)
where head of humerus is
connected
Acromion process
first bone to begin
ossification in the fetus but last to complete
clavicle (collarbone)
attachment of arm and
chest muscles
Coracoid process
Bone in the upper limb
Humerus
attaches to the scapula
head
provide attachment for forearm muscles
epicondyles
lateral side lf the forearm
Radius
Medial side of the forearm
Ulna
the elbow joint
Trochlear notch
point of the elbow
Olecranon Process
Short region between the
forearm and the hand
• 8 carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate,
triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate and hamate
Wrist
has 5 metacarpal bone - bony framewoek of the hand
Hand
the thumb and the
finger
5 digits
phalanges (proximal,
middle and distal
finger
where the lower limb attach to the
body
Pelvic Girdle
pubic symphysis
acetabulum
obturator foramen
sacrum
Pelvic Girdle
includes the pelvic girdle and
coccyx
Pelvis
region between the hip and the knee
* Femur
Thigh
articulates with the acetabulum of the hipbone
Head
articulates with the tibia
Condyles
betwen the head and the trochanter
neck
located within the major tendon of the anterior thigh muscles and enables the tendon to bend over the knee
Patella (Kneecap)
region between the knee and
the ankle
Leg
Larger; major
weight-bearing bone of the leg
Tibia
head is attached to the
proximal end of the tibia
Fibula
Medial Malleolus
Tibia
Lateral Malleolus
Fibula
consists of several
tarsal bones TALUS, CALCANEUS, CUBOID,
NAVICULAR,
CUNEIFORMS(medial,
intermediate, lateral
- Metatarsal bones and phalanges
of the foot
Ankle and foot
articulates with the tibia
and fibula - ankle joint
Talus
Calcaneus
Heel
