Skeletal System

Question 1

consists of bones
along with their associated connective
tissue (cartilage, tendons and
ligaments).
• consists of dynamic, living tissues that
are able to grow

Answer 1

The skeletal system

Question 2

a place where
two bones cometogether; some are
movable, some have limited movement

Answer 2

A joint or an articulation

Question 3

Functions of the skeletan system

Answer 3

Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell production

Question 4

A function of the skeletal system that is Rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing weight and
is the major supporting tissue of the body.

Answer 4

Support

Question 5

A function of the skeletal system where Bone is hard and protects the organs it surrounds. For example, the skull encloses and protects the brain, and thevertebrae surround the spinal cord.

Answer 5

Protection

Question 6

Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, which
are strong bands of connective tissue. Contraction of the skeletal muscles moves the bones, producing body movements.

Answer 6

Movement

Question 7

Some minerals in the blood are taken into bone and
stored. Should blood levels of these minerals decrease, the minerals are released from bone into the blood.

Answer 7

Storage

Question 8

Many bones contain cavities filled with
red bone marrow, which gives rise to blood cells and platelets

Answer 8

Blood cell production

Question 9

always contain collagen, ground substance and
other organic molecules as well as water and
minerals.
• Collagen/proteoglycans

Answer 9

Extracellular Matrix

Question 10

large amount of
collagen fibers

Answer 10

matrix of tendons and ligaments

Question 11

The organic material consists primarily of
collagen and proteoglycans.

Answer 11

Bone Matrix

Question 12

The inorganic material consists ­ primarily
of a calcium phosphate crystal

Answer 12

Hydroxyapatite

Question 13

are categorized as osteoblasts, osteo-
cytes, and osteoclasts. Each cell type has different
functions and a different origin.

Answer 13

Bone cells

Question 14

which are boneforming cells, have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes.

Answer 14

Osteoblasts

Question 15

membrane-bound sacs formed
when the plasma membrane buds, or protrudes
outward, and pinches off.

Answer 15

matrix vesicles

Question 16

is the formation of bone by osteoblasts.

Answer 16

Ossification or Osteogenesis

Question 17

Once an osteoblast becomes surrounded by bone matrix, it is ­ referred to a_________?

Answer 17

Lacunae

Question 18

and the spaces occupied by the osteocyte
cell processes are called

*Little Canals

Answer 18

Canaliculi

Question 19

are bone-destroying cells. These cells perform reabsorption, or breakdown, of bone that mobilizes crucial Ca2+ and phosphate ions for use in many metabolic processes.

Answer 19

Osteoclasts

Question 20

are stem cells that can become
osteoblasts or chondroblasts.

Answer 20

Osteochondral progenitor cells

Question 21

longer than they are wide; upper
and lower limbs

Answer 21

long

Question 22

wrist and ankle

Answer 22

Short

Question 23

relatively thin and flattened shape:
certain skull bones, ribs, scapulae,
sternum

Answer 23

flat

Question 24

vertebrae and facial bones

Answer 24

irregular

Question 25

is the part of a long bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from that of the diaphysis.

Answer 25

epiphysis

Question 26

separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis

Answer 26

epiphyseal plate

Question 27

Double-layered connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of bone except where articular cartilage is present; ligaments and tendons attachto bone through the periosteum; blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum supply the bone; is where bone grows in diameter

Answer 27

Periosteum

Question 28

Thin connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bone

Answer 28

Endosteum

Question 29

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering a bone where it forms a joint (articulation) with another bone

Answer 29

Articular Cartilage

Question 30

Bone having many small spaces; found mainly in the epiphysis; arranged into trabeculae

Answer 30

Spongy Bone

Question 31

Dense bone with few internal spaces organized into osteons; forms the diaphysis and covers the spongy bone of the epiphyses

Answer 31

Compact Bone

Question 32

Large cavity within the diaphysis

Answer 32

Medullary Cavity

Question 33

Connective tissue in the spaces of spongy bone or in the medullary cavity; the site of blood cell production

Answer 33

Red Marrow

Question 34

Fat stored within the medullary cavity or in the spaces of spongy bone

Answer 34

Yellow Marrow

Question 35

bone-forming cells in the periosteum and endosteum for bone repair and remodeling

Answer 35

Osteoblasts

Question 36

extracellular matrix

Answer 36

Lamellae

Question 37

concentric rings of lamellae surrounding the Haversian canal

Answer 37

Compact Bone

Question 38

located mainly on the epiphyses of long bones • interior of all other bones

Answer 38

Spongy Bone Cancellous Bone

Question 39

interconnecting plates of bone ; filled with marrow; no blood vessels

Answer 39

Trabeculae

Question 40

occurs within connective tissue membrane; bones of the skull; ossification centers

Answer 40

Intramembranous Ossification

Question 41

occurs within the cartilage; bones at the base of the skull and remaining skeletal system; primary ossification center, secondary ossification center

Answer 41

Endochondral Ossification

Question 42

deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue

Answer 42

Bone Growth

Question 43

Increase in width or diameter ; deposit new bone matrix on the surface of the bone

Answer 43

Appositional growth

Question 44

growth in the length of the bone; occurs in the epiphyseal plate

Answer 44

Endochondral growth

Question 45

removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts responsible for changes in bone shape, adjustment to stress and calcium regulation in the body fluids.

Answer 45

Bone Remodeling

Question 46

bone thickness increase and might develop an abnormality

Answer 46

too much bone deposited

Question 47

too litte bone deposited

Answer 47

Osteoporosis

Question 48

Blood released from damaged blood vessels forms a hematoma

Answer 48

Hematoma Formation

Question 49

The internal callus forms between the ends of the bones, and the external callus forms a collar around the break.

Answer 49

Callus Formation

Question 50

Woven, spongy bone replaces the internal and external calluses.

Answer 50

Callus Ossification

Question 51

Compact bone replaces woven bone, and part of the internal callus is removed, restoring the medullary cavity

Answer 51

Bone remodeling

Question 52

critical for normal muscle and nervous system function • when osteoblast and osteoclast activity is balanced, movement of ca into and out of a bone are equal • maintained by 3 hormones

Answer 52

Calcium Homeostasis

Question 53

Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone • stimuates kidney to take up calcium from urine and return it to blood • formation of active vitamin D, promotes calcium absorption from small intestine

Answer 53

PTH

Question 54

Decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity

Answer 54

Calcitonin

Question 55

How many bones does an adult have

Answer 55

206

Question 56

a hole in a bone

Answer 56

Foramen

Question 57

tunnel-like passage throught the bone

Answer 57

Canal/meatus

Question 58

depression in a bone

Answer 58

fossa

Question 59

lump on a bone

Answer 59

tubercle/tuberosity

Question 60

site of muscle attachment

Answer 60

Tubecles and processes

Question 61

axial and appendicular

Answer 61

Skeletal bones division

Question 62

These are part of the axial skeleton

Answer 62

Skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

Question 63

encloses the cranial cavity; 8 bones that surround and protect the brain; 14 facial bones

Answer 63

Braincase

Question 64

freely movable joint of the face

Answer 64

Mandible

Question 65

bony part; perpendicular part of the ethmoid)

Answer 65

Nasal septum

Question 66

projections of the ethmoid bone

Answer 66

concha

Question 67

decrease the weight of the skull and act as resonating chambers during voice production

Answer 67

Paranasal Sinuses

Question 68

open into the middle ear ; auditory tube connects the middle ear to the naspharynx

Answer 68

Mastoid Air Cells

Question 69

Interior of the Cranial Cavity

Answer 69

3 cranial fossae (anterior, middle and posterior)

Question 70

foramen rotundum and foramen ovale transmits important vessels and nerves of the face; foramen magnum

Answer 70

Spinal cord

Question 71

unpaired, U-shaped Bone • not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull • attachment for some tongue muscles, neck muscles

Answer 71

The Hyoid bone

Question 72

Five Major functions of the vertebral column

Answer 72

1. Supports the weight of the head and trunk 2. protects the spinal cord 3. allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord 4. Provides a site for muscle attachment 5. permits movement of the head and trunk

Question 73

central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis • 26 individual bones

Answer 73

Vertebral Column

Question 74

Separate the vertebral bodies; formed by fibrocartilage

Answer 74

Intervertbeal Disks

Question 75

Protects the vital organs within thorax and prevents the collapse of the thorax during respiration • Consists of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs and associated cartilages and sternum

Answer 75

Rib Cage

Question 76

where the sternum articulates with the clavicle

Answer 76

Jugular Notch

Question 77

location of the 2nd rib

Answer 77

sternal angle

Question 78

flat triangular bone with 3 large fossae

Answer 78

scapula (shoulder blade)

Question 79

where head of humerus is connected

Answer 79

Glenoid Fossa

Question 80

2 scapulae ; 2 clavicle (attach the upper limb to the body)

Answer 80

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)

Question 81

where head of humerus is connected

Answer 81

Acromion process

Question 82

first bone to begin ossification in the fetus but last to complete

Answer 82

clavicle (collarbone)

Question 83

attachment of arm and chest muscles

Answer 83

Coracoid process

Question 84

Bone in the upper limb

Answer 84

Humerus

Question 85

attaches to the scapula

Answer 85

head

Question 86

provide attachment for forearm muscles

Answer 86

epicondyles

Question 87

lateral side lf the forearm

Answer 87

Radius

Question 88

Medial side of the forearm

Answer 88

Ulna

Question 89

the elbow joint

Answer 89

Trochlear notch

Question 90

point of the elbow

Answer 90

Olecranon Process

Question 91

Short region between the forearm and the hand • 8 carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate

Answer 91

Wrist

Question 92

has 5 metacarpal bone - bony framewoek of the hand

Answer 92

Hand

Question 93

the thumb and the finger

Answer 93

5 digits

Question 94

phalanges (proximal, middle and distal

Answer 94

finger

Question 95

where the lower limb attach to the body

Answer 95

Pelvic Girdle

Question 96

pubic symphysis acetabulum obturator foramen sacrum

Answer 96

Pelvic Girdle

Question 97

includes the pelvic girdle and coccyx

Answer 97

Pelvis

Question 98

region between the hip and the knee * Femur

Answer 98

Thigh

Question 99

articulates with the acetabulum of the hipbone

Answer 99

Head

Question 100

articulates with the tibia

Answer 100

Condyles

Question 101

betwen the head and the trochanter

Answer 101

neck

Question 102

located within the major tendon of the anterior thigh muscles and enables the tendon to bend over the knee

Answer 102

Patella (Kneecap)

Question 103

region between the knee and the ankle

Answer 103

Leg

Question 104

Larger; major weight-bearing bone of the leg

Answer 104

Tibia

Question 105

head is attached to the proximal end of the tibia

Answer 105

Fibula

Question 106

Medial Malleolus

Answer 106

Tibia

Question 107

Lateral Malleolus

Answer 107

Fibula

Question 108

consists of several tarsal bones TALUS, CALCANEUS, CUBOID, NAVICULAR, CUNEIFORMS(medial, intermediate, lateral * Metatarsal bones and phalanges of the foot

Answer 108

Ankle and foot

Question 109

articulates with the tibia and fibula - ankle joint

Answer 109

Talus

Question 110

Calcaneus

Answer 110

Heel