The Cell Flashcards by King James

Basic living unit of all organisms

Cell

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specialized structure within the cells

Organelles

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Contains the cell’s genetic material

Nucleus

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The living material surrounding the nucleus; and contains many organelles

Cytoplasm

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Encloses the cytoplasm and serves a bounday between the inside and outside.

*Semi Permeable

Cell Membrane

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Site of Protein synthesis

Ribosomes and Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Site of Lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Modifies Protein structure and PACKAGES proteins in secretory vesicles

Golgi Apparatus

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Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi Apparatus

*membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials

Secretory Vesicles

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Contains enzymes that DIGEST material taken to the cell

*membrane bound vesicles formed by the Golgi Apparatus

*Intracellular digestive system

Lysosomes

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Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP syhthesis

*Powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria

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main energy source for
most chemical reactions
within the cell

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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A part of the mitochondria’s inner membranes that have NUMEROUS FOLDS called?

Cristae

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consist of proteins that support
the cell, hold organelles in place
and enable the cell to change
shape.

microtubules, microfilaments
intermediate filament

Cytoskeleton

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project from the surface
of the cell; capable of moving

*Move substances over the surfaces of certain cells

Cilia

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have a structure
similar to that of cilia but are
much longer and they usually
occur only one per cell.

*Propels for sperm cells

Flagella

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specialized
extensions of the cell membrane
that are supported by
microfilament

*Increase surface area of certain cells

Microvilli

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A function of the cell where the chemical reactions that occur within cells are referred to as metabolic reactions.

Cell Metabolism

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A function of a cell where the different cells of the body SYNTHESIZE various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids,
and lipids.

Synthesis of Molecules

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A function of a cell where cells produce and RESPOND to chemical andelectrical SIGNALS that allow them to communicate with one another.

Communication

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Most cells contain a complete
copy of all the genetic information of the individual. This genetic information ultimately determines the structural and functional characteristics of the cell.

Reproduction and inheritance

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Specializwd body cells that are responsible for transmitting genetic information to the next generation

*Sex cells

Gametes

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movement of a solute from an area
of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration within a
solvent. At equilibrium, the
distribution of molecules is uniform

*Does not require ATP

Diffusion

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The diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane such as the cell membrane fro a
region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration.

*Does not require ATP

Osmosis

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cell will swell

Hypotonic Solution

neither shrinks or swell

Isotonic Solution

shrinkage of cell or crenation

Hypertonic Solution

move large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged ions across the cell membrane

Carrier molecule

carrier-mediated transport process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration of that substance.

Facilitated Diffusion

carrier-mediated process that moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient.

Active Transport

uses the energy of one substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane. * co transport-both substances move in the same direction; countertransport- they move in opposite directions

Secondary Active Transport

Uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of a vesicle. *Movement into the cell

Endocytosis

Mediated endocytosis

Receptor

cell eating solid particles are ingested

Phagocytosis

much smaller vesicles are formed and contain liquid rather than particles *Cell Drinking

Pinocytosis

Movement out of the cell

Exocytosis

Bounded by nuclear envelope and nuclear pores * contains 23 pairs of chromosomes consisting of DNA and protein

Nucleus

loosely coiled chromosome

Chromatins

diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus.

Nucleoli

small membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE.

Peroxisomes

break down PROTEINS in the cytoplasm

Proteasomes

specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus, where MICROTUBULE FORMATION occurs.

Centrosome

cylindrical organelle compose of nine triplets; each triplet consists of three parallel microtubules joined together. *Facilitates the movement of chromoses during cell division

Centrioles

compose structural and MOTOR ELEMENTS in the cell, and they serve as the catalysts for virtually every biochemical reaction that occurs in living things

Protein

Great nutritional value and are directly involved in the chemical processes essential for life.

Amino Acids

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

structurally the same as the DNA, Three important kinds for protein in living things. synthesis (mRNA, tRNA,).

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

a molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction

Nucleotides

the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of MESSENGER RNA (mRNA).

Transcription

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA is made by copying DNA, and the information it carries tells the cell how to link amino acids together to form proteins

Translation

2 major phase of life cycle

Interphase Cell division

Replication of DNA

Interphase

formation of daughter cells from a single parent cell

Cell Division

formation of new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair.

Mitosis

sex cells necessary for reproduction

Meiosis

Each cell contain_________Chromosome, except for sex cells

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Diploid

each chromosomes consist of two chromatids JOINED at the centromere

Prophase

chromosomes ALIGN at the center of the cell

Metaphase

Chromatids SEPARATE at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles

Anaphase

the two new nuclei assume their normal structure and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.

Telophase

the process by which CELLS develop with specialized structures and function

Differentiation

The plasma membrane is the outermost component of a cell. It functions as a boundary separating the substances INSIDE the cell.

Intracellular

It functions as a boundary separating the substances OUTSIDE the cell.

Extracellular

An electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane * is a result of the cell’s regulation of ion movement into and out of the cell.

Membrane Potential

The predominant lipids of the plasma membrane

Phosphilipids Cholesterol

Phospholipids readily assemble to form a_______, a DOUBLE LAYER of phospholipid molecules, because they have a polar (charged)

Lipid Bilayer

heads are exposed to the aqueous extracellular and intracellular fluids of the cell. *Polar *Water Loving❤️

Hydrophilic

tails face one another in the interior of the plasma membrane *Non-polar *Water Fearing🙈

Hydrophobic

concept of the plasma membrane suggests that the plasma membrane is neither RIGID nor STATIC in structure but is HIGHLY FLEXIBLE and can change its shape and composition through time.

Fluid-mosaic model

is the other major lipid in the plasma membrane It is INTERPERSED among the phospholipids and accounts for about one-third of the total lipids in the plasma membrane.

Cholesterol

are cell SURFACE MOLECULES that allow cells to identify other cells or other molecules

Marker Molecules

proteins with attached carbohydrates

Glycoproteins

lipids with attached carbohydrates

Glycoliphids

are proteins that attach cells to other cells

Cadherins

are proteins that attach cells to EXTRACELLULAR MOLECULES.

Integrins

are integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.

Transport Proteins

are one or more integral membrane proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane.

Channel Proteins

are integral membrane proteins that move ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.

Carrier Proteins

In an isotonic solution, the shape of the cell remains constant, maintaining its internal tension or tone, a condition called.

Tonicity

are small fibrils, about 8 nm in diameter, that form bundles, sheets, or networks in the cytoplasm. These filaments have a spiderweb-like appearance.

Actin Filaments or Microfilaments

are protein fibers about 10nm in diamater that provide mechanical strength to cells.

Intermediate Filaments

is an enzyme that synthesizes the complementary RNA molecule from DNA.

RNA polymerase

is the division of the cell’s CYTOPLASM to produce two new cells.

Cytokinesis