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Anatomy and Physiology (Prelims) > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

They are specialized for particular functions.

A

Cells

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2
Q

Groups of cells with similar structure and function.

A

Tissue

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3
Q

Four primary types of tissues:

A
  1. Epithelium tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Nervous tissue
  4. Muscle tissue
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4
Q

Epithelial tissues are found in:

A

Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissue

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5
Q

The functions of epithelial tissues are:

A

Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion

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6
Q

Characteristics of epithelium tissues:

A
  • Cells fit closely together
  • Tissue layer always has one free surface
  • Lower surface is bound by a basement membrane
  • Avascular (no blood supply)
  • Regenerate easily
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7
Q

Classification of epithelial tissues (number of cell layers):

A

Simple
Stratified

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8
Q

One layer

A

Simple

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9
Q

More than one layer

A

Stratified

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10
Q

Classification of epithelial tissues (shape of cells):

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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11
Q

Flattened

A

Squamous

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12
Q

Cube-shaped

A

Cuboidal

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13
Q

Column-like

A

Columnar

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14
Q

Simple squamous characteristics:

A
  • Single layer of flat cells
  • Usually forms membranes
  • Lines body cavities
  • Lines lungs and capillaries
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15
Q

Simple cuboidal characteristics:

A
  • Single layer of cube-like cells
  • Common in glands and their ducts
  • Forms walls of kidney tubules
  • Covers the ovaries
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16
Q

Simple columnar characteristics:

A
  • Single layer of tall cells
  • Includes goblet cells
  • Lines digestive tract
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17
Q

Pseudostratified characteristics:

A
  • Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
  • Often looks like a double-cell layer
  • Sometimes ciliated
  • Function in absorption or secretion
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18
Q

Stratified squamous characteristics:

A
  • Cells at the free edge are flattened
  • Found as a protective covering where friction is common
  • Located at the skin, mouth, and esophagus
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19
Q

Two layers of cuboidal cells.

A

Stratified cuboidal

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20
Q

Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape.

A

Stratified columnar

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21
Q

They are rare in the human body and are mainly found in the ducts of large glands.

A

Stratified cuboidal and columnar

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22
Q

The shape of its cells depends upon the amount of stretching.

A

Transitional epithelium

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23
Q

It lines the organs of the urinary system.

A

Transitional epithelium

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24
Q

One or more cells that secrete a particular product.

A

Gland

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25
Q

The two major gland types are:

A
  1. Endocrine gland
  2. Exocrine gland
26
Q

It is ductless and its secretion is hormones.

A

Endocrine gland

27
Q

It is empty through ducts to the epithelial surface. It includes sweat and oil glands.

A

Exocrine gland

28
Q

It is found everywhere in the body. It includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues.

A

Connective tissue

29
Q

Functions of connective tissue:

A
  • Binds body tissues together
  • Supports the body
  • Provides protection
30
Q

Connective tissue characteristics:

A

Variation in blood supply:
- Some tissue types are well vascularized
- Some are avascular
Extracellular matrix:
- Non-living material surrounding living cells.

31
Q

Two main elements of the extracellular matrix:

A
  1. Ground substance - water with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
  2. Fibers - produced by the cells
32
Q

The three types of fibers are:

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Elastic fibers
  3. Reticular fibers
33
Q

The nine types of connective tissue are:

A
  1. Bone (osseous tissue)
  2. Hyaline cartilage
  3. Elastic cartilage
  4. Fibrocartilage
  5. Dense connective tissue
  6. Areolar connective tissue
  7. Adipose tissue
  8. Reticular connective tissue
  9. Blood
34
Q

Bone tissue is composed of:

A
  • Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
  • Hard matrix of calcium salts
  • Large numbers of collagen fibers
35
Q

It is used to protect and support the body.

A

Bone tissue/Osseous tissue

36
Q

It is the most common cartilage.

A

Hyaline cartilage

37
Q

Hyaline cartilage is composed of:

A
  • Abundant collagen fibers
  • Rubbery matrix
38
Q

The entire ___________ is cartilage.

A

fetal skeleton

39
Q

It provides elasticity and supports the external ear.

A

Elastic cartilage

40
Q

It is highly compressible and forms cushion-like discs between the vertebrae.

A

Fibrocartilage

41
Q

Its main matrix element is collagen fibers.

A

Dense connective tissue

42
Q

Its cells are fibroblasts.

A

Dense connective tissue

43
Q

Examples of dense connective tissue:

A

Ligaments - bone to bone
Tendon - muscle to bone

44
Q

Areolar connective tissue characteristics:

A
  • Most widely distributed connective tissue
  • Soft, pliable tissue
  • Contains soak up excess fluid
45
Q

Its matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate.

A

Adipose tissue

46
Q

Many of its cells contain large lipid deposits.

A

Adipose tissue

47
Q

Adipose tissue functions:

A
  • Insulates the body
  • Protects organs
  • Site of fuel storage
48
Q

Reticular connective tissue characteristics:

A
  • Delicate network of interwoven fibers
  • Forms stroma of lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow)
49
Q

Blood characteristics:

A
  • Blood cells are surrounded by a fluid matrix
  • Fibers are visible during clotting
  • Transport vehicle for materials
50
Q

Its function is to produce movement.

A

Muscle tissue

51
Q

The three types of muscle tissue are:

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
52
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics:

A
  • Controlled voluntarily
  • Cells attach to a connective tissue
  • Cells are striated
  • Cells have more than one nucleus
53
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics:

A
  • Found only in the heart
  • Pumps blood (involuntarily)
  • Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
  • Cells are striated
  • One nucleus per cell
54
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics:

A
  • Involuntary muscle
  • Surrounds hollow organs
  • Attached to other smooth muscle cells
  • No visible striations
  • One nucleus per cell
55
Q

Nervous tissue characteristics:

A
  • Neurons and nerve support cells
  • Send impulses to other areas of the body:
    Irritability and Conductivity
56
Q

The events in tissue are:

A
  1. Capillaries become very permeable
    - Introduce clotting proteins
    - Wall off injured area
  2. Formation of granulation tissue
  3. Regeneration of surface epithelium
57
Q

Tissues that regenerate easily:

A

Epithelial tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Bone tissue

58
Q

Tissue that regenerates poorly:

A

Skeletal muscle

59
Q

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue:

A

Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue (within the brain and spinal cord)

60
Q

The developmental aspects of tissue are:

A
  • Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers.
  • Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm.
  • Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm.
  • With old age, there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues.

Anatomy and Physiology (Prelims) (4 decks)

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