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Anatomy and Physiology (Prelims) > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

They carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life.

A

Cells and Tissues

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2
Q

They are the building blocks of all living things.

A

Cells

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3
Q

They are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function.

A

Tissues

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4
Q

Anatomy of the Cell:

A
  • Cells are not all the same
  • All cells share general structures
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5
Q

Cells are organized into three main regions:

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Plasma membrane
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6
Q

It is the control center of the cell; it contains genetic material (DNA).

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

The 3 regions of the nucleus:

A
  1. Nuclear membrane
  2. Nucleolus
  3. Chromatin
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8
Q

It is the barrier of the nucleus consisting of a double phospholipid layer.

A

Nuclear membrane

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9
Q

It contains nuclear pores that allow for the exchange of material with the rest of the cell.

A

Nuclear membrane

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10
Q

The nucleus contains one or more _________.

A

nucleoli

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11
Q

It is the site of ribosome production; ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores.

A

Nucleoli

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12
Q

It is composed of DNA and protein and is scattered throughout the nucleus.

A

Chromatin

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13
Q

Chromatin condenses to form ____________ when the cell divides.

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

The barrier for cell contents; contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins.

A

Plasma membrane

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15
Q

The plasma membrane consists of a double phospholipid layer which has:

A
  • Hydrophilic heads
  • Hydrophobic tails
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16
Q

Polar heads that are attracted to water.

A

Hydrophilic heads

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17
Q

Nonpolar fatty acid tails that avoid water and line up in the center of the membrane.

A

Hydrophobic tails

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18
Q

Finger-like projections that
increase surface area for absorption.

A

Microvilli

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19
Q

The 3 membrane junctions are the following:

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
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20
Q

These are impermeable junctions
that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets. (Found in the small intestine)

A

Tight junctions

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21
Q

These are anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides
of adjacent cells. They prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress (such as heart muscle cells and skin cells) from being pulled apart.

A

Desmosomes

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22
Q

They function mainly to allow communication. These junctions are commonly found in the heart and between embryonic cells.

A

Gap junctions

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23
Q

These are hollow cylinders composed of proteins that connect neighboring cells.

A

Connexons

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24
Q

Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane; the factory of the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

Fluid that suspends other elements.

A

Cytosol

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26
Q

Metabolic machinery of the cell.

A

Organelles

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27
Q

Non-functioning units

A

Inclusions

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28
Q

They are made of protein and RNA; the sites of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

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29
Q

Ribosomes are found in:

A
  • Free in the cytoplasm
  • Attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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30
Q

Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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31
Q

The 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum are:

A
  1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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32
Q

It is studded with ribosomes; where building materials of cellular membranes are formed.

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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33
Q

Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

Modifies and packages proteins.

A

Golgi apparatus

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35
Q

They carry substances around the cell.

A

Transport vesicles

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36
Q

The different types of packages produced by the Golgi apparatus are the:

A
  • Secretory vesicles
  • Cell membrane components
  • Lysosomes
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37
Q

Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell.

A

Lysosomes

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38
Q

Characteristics of Peroxisomes:

A
  • Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
  • Detoxify harmful substances
  • Break down free radicals
  • Replicate by pinching in half
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39
Q

These are highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can damage the structure of proteins
and nucleic acids.

A

Free radicals

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40
Q

Peroxisomes convert free radicals to ___________, then its excess into water.

A

hydrogen peroxide

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41
Q

Peroxisomes are especially numerous in _____ and _____ cells,
which are very active in detoxification.

A

liver and kidney cells

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42
Q

They are the “powerhouses” of the cell; they carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
and provide ATP for cellular energy.

A

Mitochondria

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43
Q

Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
; provides the cell with an internal
framework.

A

Cytoskeleton

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44
Q

The cytoskeleton is made up of the following:

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
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45
Q

These are most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape. (Myosin and actin)

A

Microfilaments

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46
Q

They are made up of fibrous subunits. They help form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces
on the cell.

A

Intermediate filaments

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47
Q

They are made up of repeating subunits of the protein tubulin.
They determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles.

A

Microtubules

48
Q

Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules; direct formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

A

Centrioles

49
Q

Centrioles are collectively called _________.

A

centrosome

50
Q

They are not found in all cells; used for movement.

A

Cellular projections

51
Q

Moves materials across the cell surface.

A

Cilia

52
Q

It propels the cell.

A

Flagellum

53
Q

Cells that connect body parts:

A
  • Fibroblast
  • Erythrocyte (RBC)
54
Q

Cells that cover and line body organs:

A

Epithelial cell

55
Q

Cells that move organs and body parts:

A

Skeletal muscle cell
Cardiac muscle cell
Smooth muscle cell

56
Q

Cell that stores nutrients:

A

Fat cell/Adipose cell

57
Q

Cell that fights disease:

A

White blood cells (macrophage)

58
Q

Cell that gathers information and controls body functions:

A

Nerve cell/Neuron

59
Q

Cells of reproduction:

A
  • Oocyte (Female)
  • Sperm (Male)
60
Q

Movement of substances into and out of the cell.

A

Membrane transport

61
Q

A homogeneous mixture of two or more components.

A

Solution

62
Q

The dissolving medium

A

Solvent

63
Q

The one that is being dissolved; is present in smaller amounts.

A

Solute

64
Q

Does not require energy for transport.

A

Passive transport

65
Q

It is a solution containing
small amounts of gases, nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water. (Collectively, the nucleoplasm and the cytosol)

A

Intracellular fluid

66
Q

The fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells. (“Unusual soup”)

A

Extracellular/Interstitial fluid

67
Q

A barrier (plasma membrane) allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others.

A

Selective permeability

68
Q

The fat-soluble vitamins are:

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

69
Q

Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

A

Diffusion

70
Q

The greater the difference in concentration between the two areas, the _____ diffusion occurs.

A

faster

71
Q

The unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane.

A

Simple diffusion

72
Q

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

73
Q

It provides passage for certain needed substances (notably glucose) that are both lipid insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores.

A

Facilitated diffusion

74
Q

Highly polar water is repelled by the nonpolar lipid core of the plasma membrane, but it can pass easily through special pores called
__________.

A

aquaporins

75
Q

It pushes solute-containing fluid
(filtrate) from the higher-pressure area through the filter to the lower-pressure area.

A

Filtration

76
Q

It is the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure.

A

Filtration

77
Q

A cell uses ATP to move substances
across the membrane; unable to pass through diffusion.

A

Active transport

78
Q

Active transport uses ATP to energize its protein carriers, which are called _________.

A

solute pumps

79
Q

It alternately carries sodium ions out of potassium ions into the cell.

A

Sodium-potassium pump

80
Q

The phosphate is attached to the sodium-potassium pump.

A

Phosphorylation

81
Q

It involves help from ATP to fuse or separate membrane vesicles and the cell membrane and moves substances into or out of cells “in bulk” without crossing the plasma membrane directly.

A

Vesicular transport/Bulk transport

82
Q

The 2 types of vesicular transport are:

A
  1. Exocytosis
  2. Endocytosis
83
Q

It is the mechanism that cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other cell products.

A

Exocytosis

84
Q

Includes those ATP-requiring processes that engulf extracellular substances by enclosing them in a vesicle.

A

Endocytosis

85
Q

“Cell eating”; is a protective mechanism—a way to “clean house”—not a means of getting nutrients.

A

Phagocytosis

86
Q

“Cell drinking”; the cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid.

A

Pinocytosis

87
Q

In this process, receptor proteins on the plasma membrane bind exclusively with certain substances.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

88
Q

The same solute and water concentrations; cause no visible changes in cells.

A

Isotonic

89
Q

A solution that contains more solutes than there are inside the cells - the cells begin to shrink.

A

Hypertonic

90
Q

Hypertonic solutions are sometimes given to patients
who have ______.

A

Edema (swelling of the feet and hands due to fluid)

91
Q

A solution contains fewer solutes and therefore more water than the cell does - cells begin to swell.

A

Hypotonic

92
Q

It represents the most extreme example of a hypotonic fluid.

A

Distilled water

93
Q

They are sometimes infused intravenously (slowly and with care) to rehydrate extremely
dehydrated patients.

A

Hypotonic solutions

94
Q

The 2 major periods of cell life cycle are:

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Cell division
95
Q

The cell grows and carries on its metabolic activities.

A

Interphase

96
Q

The cell is very active and is preparing for cell division (metabolic phase).

A

Interphase

97
Q

The cell reproduces itself.

A

Cell division

98
Q

It is the process of dividing a
nucleus into two daughter nuclei with the same genes as the “mother” nucleus.

A

Mitosis

98
Q

As cell division begins, the chromatin threads coil and shorten.

A

Prophase

98
Q

Each chromosome is actually
made up of two identical strands called _________.

A

sister chromatids

99
Q

Holds together the chromatids; buttonlike body.

A

Centromere

100
Q

Centrioles separate from each other and move toward opposite sides of the cell assembling the _________.

A

mitotic spindle

101
Q

The chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

A

Metaphase

102
Q

Centromeres that have held the chromatids together split. The chromatids (now called chromosomes again) begin to move slowly apart, drawn toward opposite ends of the cell.

A

Anaphase

103
Q

Prophase in reverse. The chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become
threadlike chromatin again. The spindle disappears, and a nuclear envelope forms.

A

Telophase

104
Q

A DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein.

A

Gene

105
Q

Each sequence of a _______ calls for a particular amino acid.

A

triplet (three bases)

106
Q

It is a messenger that carries the instructions for building proteins to the ribosomes.

A

RNA

107
Q

It helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

108
Q

They carry instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

109
Q

These molecules are small,
cloverleaf-shaped molecules that escort amino acids to the ribosome.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

110
Q

The transfer of information from the sequence of bases in a DNA gene into the complementary sequence of mRNA by an enzyme.

A

Transcription

111
Q

The three-base sequence in DNA.

A

Triplet

112
Q

The three-base sequence in RNA.

A

Codon

113
Q

A phase of protein synthesis; the
language of nucleic acids (base sequence) is translated into the language of proteins (amino
acid sequence).

A

Translation

114
Q

Translation occurs in the ________ and involves three major varieties of RNA.

A

cytoplasm

115
Q

A special three-base sequence that can temporarily bind to the complementary codons.

A

Anticodon

Anatomy and Physiology (Prelims) (4 decks)

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