Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
The functions of body membranes are:
A
- Cover body surfaces
- Protect body surfaces
- Lubricate body surfaces
2
Q
Classification of Body Membranes:
A
Epithelial Membranes:
- Cutaneous membrane
- Mucous membrane
- Serous membrane
Connective tissue membranes:
- Synovial membrane
3
Q
It is the skin. It is a dry membrane and the outermost protective boundary.
A
Cutaneous membrane
4
Q
The 2 layers of the cutaneous layer are:
A
- Superficial epidermis
- Underlying dermis
5
Q
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A
Superficial dermis
6
Q
Mostly dense connective tissue
A
Underlying dermis
7
Q
Surface epithelium
A
Mucous membrane
8
Q
Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
A
Mucous membrane
9
Q
Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface.
A
Mucous membrane
10
Q
Adapted for absorption and secretion.
A
Mucous membrane
11
Q
Surface simple squamous epithelium
A
Serous membrane
12
Q
Underlying areolar connective tissue
A
Serous membrane
13
Q
Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body.
A
Serous membrane
14
Q
Serous layers are seprated by ________.
A
serous fluid
15
Q
The 3 specific serous membranes are:
A
- Peritoneum
- Pleura
- Pericardium
16
Q
Outer wall; lines the walls of the body cavity.
A
Parietal layer
17
Q
Inner wall; covers the organs.
A
Visceral layer
18
Q
Abdominal cavity
A
Peritoneum
19
Q
Around the lungs
A
Pleura
20
Q
Around the heart
A
Pericardium
21
Q
Connective tissue only; lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints.
A
Synovial membrane
22
Q
The integumentary system is composed of the:
A
- Skin (cutaneous membrane)
- Skin derivatives:
- Sweat glands
- Oil glands
- Hairs
- Nails
23
Q
The skin protects deeper tissues from: (MCBTUD)
A
- Mechanical damage
- Chemical damage
- Bacterial damage
- Thermal damage
- Ultraviolet radiation
- Desiccation
24
Q
The functions of the skin are:
A
- Protects deeper tissues from damage
- Aids in heat regulation
- Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
- Synthesizes vitamin D
25
Characteristics of the epidermis:
- Outer layer
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Keratinized
26
Dense connective tissue; fairly tear-resistant.
Dermis
27
A burn or friction may separate the dermis and epidermis resulting in a _______.
blister
28
It is deep to the dermis.
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous tissue
29
Characteristics of hypodermis:
- Not part of the skin
- Anchors skin to underlying organs
- Composed mostly of adipose tissue
30
The 5 layers of the epidermis are:
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucideum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum basale
31
Deepest cell layer of the epidermis; cells undergoing mitosis.
Stratum basale
32
Consists of keratinocytes; makes the skin flexible and strong.
Stratum spinosum
33
Forms a waterproof barrier to prevent fluid loss.
Stratum granulosum
34
Occurs only in hairless and thick skin.
Stratum lucidum
35
Shingle-like dead cells; outermost layer; accounts for 3/4 of the epidermal thickness.
Stratum corneum
36
We have a totally "new" epidermis every __ to __ days.
25 to 45
37
Characteristics of melanin:
- produced by melanocytes
- yellow, brown, or black
- mostly found in the stratum basale
- amount depends on genetics and exposure to sunlight
38
Alert and activate immune system cells to a threat.
Epidermal dendritic cells
39
The 2 layers of the dermis are:
1. Papillary layer
2. Reticular layer
40
Characteristics of papillary layer:
- projections called dermal papillae
- pain receptors
- capillary loops (fingerprint)
- arranged in patterns to have friction
- sweat pores
41
Characteristics of reticular layer:
- Blood vessels
- Glands
- Nerve receptors
42
The 3 normal skin color determinants are:
1. Melanin
2. Carotene
3. Hemoglobin
43
Yellow, brown, or black pigments
Melanin
44
Orange-yellow pigment from vegetables
Carotene
45
Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries; oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring.
Hemoglobin
46
The 4 appendages of the skin are:
1. Sebaceous glands
2. Sweat glands
3. Hair
4. Nails
47
Characteristics of Sebaceous glands:
- Produce oil/sebum
- Ducts that empty into hair follicles
- Activated at puberty
48
The functions of oil/sebum are:
- Lubricant for skin
- Kills bacteria
49
Widely distributed in the skin.
Sweat gland/Sudoriferous gland
50
The 2 types of sweat glands are:
1. Eccrine gland
2. Apocrine gland
51
Opens via a duct to pore on the skin surface; produces sweat.
Eccrine gland
52
Ducts empty into hair follicles; confined to the axillary and genital area; secretes fatty acids and protein.
Apocrine gland
53
Composition of sweat:
- Mostly water
- Some metabolic waste
- Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
54
Functions of sweat:
- Dissipates excess heat
- Excretes waste products
- Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
55
The odor of sweat is from associated ________.
bacteria
56
Produced by hair bulb
Hair
57
Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells.
Hair
58
They provide pigment for hair color.
Melanocytes
59
The anatomy of hair consists of:
- Central medulla
- Cortex
- Cuticle
60
Consists of large cells and air spaces.
Medulla
61
Surrounds the medulla; layers of flattened cells.
Cortex
62
It encloses the cortex; most heavily keratinized.
Cuticle
63
The 4 associated hair structures are the:
1. Hair follicle
2. Arrector pili
3. Sebaceous gland
4. Sweat gland
64
Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair roots.
Hair follicle
65
Smooth muscle; "goosebumps".
Arrector pili
66
Scale-like modifications of the epidermis; heavily keratinized.
Nails
67
It extends beneath the nail bed.
Stratum basale
68
It is responsible for nail growth.
Nail matrix
69
What makes nails colorless?
Lack of pigment
70
Nails look pink becaous of the blood supply in the _________.
Underlying dermis
71
The nail structures are the:
- Free edge
- Body
- Root of nail
- Eponychium
- Lunule
72
Nail matrix that appears as a white crescent.
Lunule
73
Proximal nail fold that projects onto
the nail body.
Eponychium
74
Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis).
Athlete's foot
75
Caused by bacterial infection.
Boils and Carbuncles
76
Inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tissues.
Boils/Furuncles
77
Clusters of boils caused by a bacterium.
Carbuncles
78
What is the bacterium that causes carbuncles?
Staphylococcus aureus
79
Small fluid-filled blisters; caused by human herpesvirus 1 infection.
Cold sores (fever blisters)
80
Exposures cause allergic reactions.
Contact dermatitis
81
Caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus infections; common in children.
Impetigo
82
Autoimmune disorder; triggered by trauma, infection, and stress.
Psoriasis
83
The immune system attacks a person's own tissues.
Autoimmune disorder
84
Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals.
Burns
85
The associated dangers of burns are:
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Circulatory shock
86
Determines the extent of burns; the body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation.
Rule of Nines
87
- Only the epidermis is damaged
- Skin is red and swollen
First-degree burns
88
- Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
- Skin is red with blisters
Second-degree burns
89
- Destroys entire skin layer
- Burn is gray-white or black
- Needs skin grafting
Third-degree burns
90
- Full-thickness burn with deep tissue involvement
- Needs amputation
Fourth-degree burns
91
Burns are critical if:
1. Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns
2. Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
3. Third-degree burns of the face, hands, feet, or genitals.
4. Circumferential
92
Abnormal cell mass
Cancer
93
The 2 types of cancer are:
1. Benign
2. Malignant
94
It does not spread (encapsulated).
Benign cancer
95
Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body; can spread.
Malignant cancer
96
Most common type of cancer.
Skin cancer
97
Least malignant; most common; arises from stratum basale.
Basal cell carcinoma
98
Arises from stratum spinosum; metastasizes to lymph nodes; can be cured by early removal.
Squamous cell carcinoma
99
The most deadly skin cancer; cancer of melanocytes; metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels; detection uses ABCDE rule.
Malignant melanoma
100
What is the ABCDE rule?
A - Asymmetry
B - Border Irregularity
C - Color
D - Diameter
E - Evolution
101
Sensory nerve endings; touch receptors.
Merkel cells
102
It is the thinnest layer of skin.
Eyelids
103
Heat; blood vessels open causing redness.
Vasodilation
104
Cold; blood vessels close.
Vasoconstriction
105
Cell death
Necrosis
106
Fibers that are found in the dermis.
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
107
It makes our skin tight and supple.
Collagen
108
It tells the hydration of the patient.
Skin turgor
109
Collagen is __________ and is only produced by the body.
irreplaceable
110
Occur in bedridden patients who are not turned regularly or who are dragged or pulled across the bed repeatedly.
Decubitus ulcers/Bed sores
111
Impaired blood flow in the area.
Pallor/Blanching
112
Melanin is contained in a vesicle inside the _________.
cytoplasm
113
It is where the melanin accumulates.
Melanosomes
114
It protects the nucleus of the melanocyte.
Melanin
115
Abnormal yellow skin tone signifying a liver disease or hemolytic anemia.
Jaundice
116
It is the breakdown of blood cells.
Hemolysis
117
By-product of hemolysis, found in bile.
Bilirubin
118
Jaundice in the eyes.
Icteric sclera
119
Lacks distribution of oxygen; bluish body tissues.
Cyanosis
120
Pale; lacks hemoglobin
Pallor
121
Bruises; tear in the blood vessels.
Hematoma
122
It is the oxidation of clogged pores.
Blackhead
123
Scaly patches on a baby's scalp; cradle cap.
Seborrhea
124
It is the fastest-growing tissue.
Hair
125
Part of the hair that contains the DNA.
Hair root
126
Part of the hair which contains dead cells.
Hair shaft
127
Too much friction in the cuticle results to ______.
frizzing
128
What are the hair follicles shape?
Round - straight
Oval - curly
Elliptical - coily
129
Caused by chronic low blood oxygen levels.
Clubbing fingers
130
It produces new blood cells under the nail bed.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
131
The body lacks blood volume.
Hypovolemia
132
It is an acute gastric erosion from severe burns when reduced plasma volume leads to ischemia and cell necrosis.
Curling's ulcer
133
Fine hair of a fetus or a newborn baby. It regulates temperature due to the lack of fat.
Lanugo
134
Cheese-like substance covering a newborn; produced by the sebaceous gland.
Vernix caseosa
135
Vellus hair; graying of hair; baldness.
Alopecia
136
White spots on the nose of newborns; secreted by the sebaceous gland.
Milia
