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Anatomy and Physiology (Prelims) > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The functions of body membranes are:

A
  • Cover body surfaces
  • Protect body surfaces
  • Lubricate body surfaces
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2
Q

Classification of Body Membranes:

A

Epithelial Membranes:
- Cutaneous membrane
- Mucous membrane
- Serous membrane
Connective tissue membranes:
- Synovial membrane

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3
Q

It is the skin. It is a dry membrane and the outermost protective boundary.

A

Cutaneous membrane

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4
Q

The 2 layers of the cutaneous layer are:

A
  1. Superficial epidermis
  2. Underlying dermis
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5
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Superficial dermis

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6
Q

Mostly dense connective tissue

A

Underlying dermis

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7
Q

Surface epithelium

A

Mucous membrane

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8
Q

Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

A

Mucous membrane

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9
Q

Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface.

A

Mucous membrane

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10
Q

Adapted for absorption and secretion.

A

Mucous membrane

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11
Q

Surface simple squamous epithelium

A

Serous membrane

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12
Q

Underlying areolar connective tissue

A

Serous membrane

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13
Q

Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body.

A

Serous membrane

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14
Q

Serous layers are seprated by ________.

A

serous fluid

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15
Q

The 3 specific serous membranes are:

A
  1. Peritoneum
  2. Pleura
  3. Pericardium
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16
Q

Outer wall; lines the walls of the body cavity.

A

Parietal layer

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17
Q

Inner wall; covers the organs.

A

Visceral layer

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18
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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19
Q

Around the lungs

A

Pleura

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20
Q

Around the heart

A

Pericardium

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21
Q

Connective tissue only; lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints.

A

Synovial membrane

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22
Q

The integumentary system is composed of the:

A
  1. Skin (cutaneous membrane)
  2. Skin derivatives:
    - Sweat glands
    - Oil glands
    - Hairs
    - Nails
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23
Q

The skin protects deeper tissues from: (MCBTUD)

A
  • Mechanical damage
  • Chemical damage
  • Bacterial damage
  • Thermal damage
  • Ultraviolet radiation
  • Desiccation
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24
Q

The functions of the skin are:

A
  • Protects deeper tissues from damage
  • Aids in heat regulation
  • Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
  • Synthesizes vitamin D
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25
Q

Characteristics of the epidermis:

A
  • Outer layer
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Keratinized
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26
Q

Dense connective tissue; fairly tear-resistant.

A

Dermis

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27
Q

A burn or friction may separate the dermis and epidermis resulting in a _______.

A

blister

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28
Q

It is deep to the dermis.

A

Hypodermis/Subcutaneous tissue

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29
Q

Characteristics of hypodermis:

A
  • Not part of the skin
  • Anchors skin to underlying organs
  • Composed mostly of adipose tissue
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30
Q

The 5 layers of the epidermis are:

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucideum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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31
Q

Deepest cell layer of the epidermis; cells undergoing mitosis.

A

Stratum basale

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32
Q

Consists of keratinocytes; makes the skin flexible and strong.

A

Stratum spinosum

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33
Q

Forms a waterproof barrier to prevent fluid loss.

A

Stratum granulosum

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34
Q

Occurs only in hairless and thick skin.

A

Stratum lucidum

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35
Q

Shingle-like dead cells; outermost layer; accounts for 3/4 of the epidermal thickness.

A

Stratum corneum

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36
Q

We have a totally “new” epidermis every __ to __ days.

A

25 to 45

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37
Q

Characteristics of melanin:

A
  • produced by melanocytes
  • yellow, brown, or black
  • mostly found in the stratum basale
  • amount depends on genetics and exposure to sunlight
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38
Q

Alert and activate immune system cells to a threat.

A

Epidermal dendritic cells

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39
Q

The 2 layers of the dermis are:

A
  1. Papillary layer
  2. Reticular layer
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40
Q

Characteristics of papillary layer:

A
  • projections called dermal papillae
  • pain receptors
  • capillary loops (fingerprint)
  • arranged in patterns to have friction
  • sweat pores
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41
Q

Characteristics of reticular layer:

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Glands
  • Nerve receptors
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42
Q

The 3 normal skin color determinants are:

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
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43
Q

Yellow, brown, or black pigments

A

Melanin

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44
Q

Orange-yellow pigment from vegetables

A

Carotene

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45
Q

Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries; oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring.

A

Hemoglobin

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46
Q

The 4 appendages of the skin are:

A
  1. Sebaceous glands
  2. Sweat glands
  3. Hair
  4. Nails
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47
Q

Characteristics of Sebaceous glands:

A
  • Produce oil/sebum
  • Ducts that empty into hair follicles
  • Activated at puberty
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48
Q

The functions of oil/sebum are:

A
  • Lubricant for skin
  • Kills bacteria
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49
Q

Widely distributed in the skin.

A

Sweat gland/Sudoriferous gland

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50
Q

The 2 types of sweat glands are:

A
  1. Eccrine gland
  2. Apocrine gland
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51
Q

Opens via a duct to pore on the skin surface; produces sweat.

A

Eccrine gland

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52
Q

Ducts empty into hair follicles; confined to the axillary and genital area; secretes fatty acids and protein.

A

Apocrine gland

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53
Q

Composition of sweat:

A
  • Mostly water
  • Some metabolic waste
  • Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
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54
Q

Functions of sweat:

A
  • Dissipates excess heat
  • Excretes waste products
  • Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
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55
Q

The odor of sweat is from associated ________.

56
Q

Produced by hair bulb

57
Q

Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells.

58
Q

They provide pigment for hair color.

A

Melanocytes

59
Q

The anatomy of hair consists of:

A
  • Central medulla
  • Cortex
  • Cuticle
60
Q

Consists of large cells and air spaces.

61
Q

Surrounds the medulla; layers of flattened cells.

62
Q

It encloses the cortex; most heavily keratinized.

63
Q

The 4 associated hair structures are the:

A
  1. Hair follicle
  2. Arrector pili
  3. Sebaceous gland
  4. Sweat gland
64
Q

Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair roots.

A

Hair follicle

65
Q

Smooth muscle; “goosebumps”.

A

Arrector pili

66
Q

Scale-like modifications of the epidermis; heavily keratinized.

67
Q

It extends beneath the nail bed.

A

Stratum basale

68
Q

It is responsible for nail growth.

A

Nail matrix

69
Q

What makes nails colorless?

A

Lack of pigment

70
Q

Nails look pink becaous of the blood supply in the _________.

A

Underlying dermis

71
Q

The nail structures are the:

A
  • Free edge
  • Body
  • Root of nail
  • Eponychium
  • Lunule
72
Q

Nail matrix that appears as a white crescent.

73
Q

Proximal nail fold that projects onto
the nail body.

A

Eponychium

74
Q

Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis).

A

Athlete’s foot

75
Q

Caused by bacterial infection.

A

Boils and Carbuncles

76
Q

Inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tissues.

A

Boils/Furuncles

77
Q

Clusters of boils caused by a bacterium.

A

Carbuncles

78
Q

What is the bacterium that causes carbuncles?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

79
Q

Small fluid-filled blisters; caused by human herpesvirus 1 infection.

A

Cold sores (fever blisters)

80
Q

Exposures cause allergic reactions.

A

Contact dermatitis

81
Q

Caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus infections; common in children.

82
Q

Autoimmune disorder; triggered by trauma, infection, and stress.

83
Q

The immune system attacks a person’s own tissues.

A

Autoimmune disorder

84
Q

Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals.

85
Q

The associated dangers of burns are:

A
  • Dehydration
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Circulatory shock
86
Q

Determines the extent of burns; the body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation.

A

Rule of Nines

87
Q
  • Only the epidermis is damaged
  • Skin is red and swollen
A

First-degree burns

88
Q
  • Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
  • Skin is red with blisters
A

Second-degree burns

89
Q
  • Destroys entire skin layer
  • Burn is gray-white or black
  • Needs skin grafting
A

Third-degree burns

90
Q
  • Full-thickness burn with deep tissue involvement
  • Needs amputation
A

Fourth-degree burns

91
Q

Burns are critical if:

A
  1. Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns
  2. Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
  3. Third-degree burns of the face, hands, feet, or genitals.
  4. Circumferential
92
Q

Abnormal cell mass

93
Q

The 2 types of cancer are:

A
  1. Benign
  2. Malignant
94
Q

It does not spread (encapsulated).

A

Benign cancer

95
Q

Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body; can spread.

A

Malignant cancer

96
Q

Most common type of cancer.

A

Skin cancer

97
Q

Least malignant; most common; arises from stratum basale.

A

Basal cell carcinoma

98
Q

Arises from stratum spinosum; metastasizes to lymph nodes; can be cured by early removal.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

99
Q

The most deadly skin cancer; cancer of melanocytes; metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels; detection uses ABCDE rule.

A

Malignant melanoma

100
Q

What is the ABCDE rule?

A

A - Asymmetry
B - Border Irregularity
C - Color
D - Diameter
E - Evolution

101
Q

Sensory nerve endings; touch receptors.

A

Merkel cells

102
Q

It is the thinnest layer of skin.

103
Q

Heat; blood vessels open causing redness.

A

Vasodilation

104
Q

Cold; blood vessels close.

A

Vasoconstriction

105
Q

Cell death

106
Q

Fibers that are found in the dermis.

A

Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers

107
Q

It makes our skin tight and supple.

108
Q

It tells the hydration of the patient.

A

Skin turgor

109
Q

Collagen is __________ and is only produced by the body.

A

irreplaceable

110
Q

Occur in bedridden patients who are not turned regularly or who are dragged or pulled across the bed repeatedly.

A

Decubitus ulcers/Bed sores

111
Q

Impaired blood flow in the area.

A

Pallor/Blanching

112
Q

Melanin is contained in a vesicle inside the _________.

113
Q

It is where the melanin accumulates.

A

Melanosomes

114
Q

It protects the nucleus of the melanocyte.

115
Q

Abnormal yellow skin tone signifying a liver disease or hemolytic anemia.

116
Q

It is the breakdown of blood cells.

117
Q

By-product of hemolysis, found in bile.

118
Q

Jaundice in the eyes.

A

Icteric sclera

119
Q

Lacks distribution of oxygen; bluish body tissues.

120
Q

Pale; lacks hemoglobin

121
Q

Bruises; tear in the blood vessels.

122
Q

It is the oxidation of clogged pores.

123
Q

Scaly patches on a baby’s scalp; cradle cap.

124
Q

It is the fastest-growing tissue.

125
Q

Part of the hair that contains the DNA.

126
Q

Part of the hair which contains dead cells.

A

Hair shaft

127
Q

Too much friction in the cuticle results to ______.

128
Q

What are the hair follicles shape?

A

Round - straight
Oval - curly
Elliptical - coily

129
Q

Caused by chronic low blood oxygen levels.

A

Clubbing fingers

130
Q

It produces new blood cells under the nail bed.

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

131
Q

The body lacks blood volume.

A

Hypovolemia

132
Q

It is an acute gastric erosion from severe burns when reduced plasma volume leads to ischemia and cell necrosis.

A

Curling’s ulcer

133
Q

Fine hair of a fetus or a newborn baby. It regulates temperature due to the lack of fat.

134
Q

Cheese-like substance covering a newborn; produced by the sebaceous gland.

A

Vernix caseosa

135
Q

Vellus hair; graying of hair; baldness.

136
Q

White spots on the nose of newborns; secreted by the sebaceous gland.

Anatomy and Physiology (Prelims) (4 decks)

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