Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
It is the study of the structure, or
physical form, of the body.
Anatomy
Structure determines _______.
function
It is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.
Anatomy
It is the study of large, easily observable structures.
Gross anatomy
Etymology of the word anatomy.
cut (tomy) apart (ana)
It is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopic anatomy
It is the study of how the
body and its parts work or function
Physiology
Etymology of the word physiology.
physio = nature; ology = study of
It explains the workings of the nervous system.
Neurophysiology
It studies the function of the heart.
Cardiac physiology
The simplest level of the structural ladder.
Chemical level
At the chemical level, atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form _________.
molecules
Molecules associate in specific ways to form _____.
cells
In complex organisms such as trees or human beings, the structural ladder continues on to the _______.
tissue level
They consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
Tissues
A structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body.
Organ
It is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.
Organ system
11 organ systems make up the living human being, or the _______.
organism
It is the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
Organismal level
What are the 11 organ systems?
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
It is used to illustrate the levels of structural organization in a human being.
Levels of structural organization
It is the external covering of the body, or the skin, including the hair and fingernails.
Integumentary system
It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury.
Integumentary system
With the help of sunlight, the integumentary system produces ______.
vitamin D
These are located in the skin to alert us to what is happening at the body’s surface.
Sensory receptors
It consists of bones, cartilage, and joints
Skeletal system
It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement.
Skeletal system
Where are the blood cells formed?
In the cavities of the skeleton
The only function of the muscles.
To contract/shorten
When contractions in the muscles happen, __________ occurs.
movement
The mobility of the body as a whole
reflects the activity of ___________.
skeletal muscles
They form the muscular system.
Skeletal muscles
The body’s fast-acting control system.
Nervous system
It consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous system
They detect changes in temperature, pressure, or light, and send nerve impulses to the central nervous system.
Sensory receptors
This system controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly.
Endocrine system
Endocrine glands produce _____ and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.
hormones
The endocrine glands include: the
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenals
thymus
pancreas
pineal
ovaries
testes
The primary organs of the cardiovascular system
are the:
heart and blood vessels
It delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to, and picks up wastes such as carbon dioxide from, cells near sites of exchange.
Cardiovascular system
They help to protect the body from
bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.
White blood cells
The heart propels blood out of its chambers into _________ to be transported to all body tissues.
blood vessels
It complements the cardiovascular system.
Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system includes:
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils
They help to cleanse the blood and house white blood cells involved in immunity.
Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs
It keeps the body supplied with oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide.
Respiratory system
Gases are exchanged with the blood through the thin walls of the __________.
air sacs
It is basically a tube running
through the body from mouth to anus.
Digestive system
Their role is to break down food
and deliver the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells.
Digestive system
The breakdown activities are completed in the ________.
small intestine
The undigested food leaves
the body through the anus as _____.
feces
It breaks down fats.
Bile
It has both endocrine and digestive functions.
Pancreas
A normal part of healthy body function is the production of _________.
waste by-products
It removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.
Urinary system/Excretory system
It maintains the body’s electrolyte balance, regulating the acid-base balance of the blood, and helping to regulate normal blood pressure.
Urinary system
What is the role of the reproductive system?
To produce offspring
It provides the site for the development of the fetus.
Uterus
Every living organism must be able to ___________ so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside.”
maintain its boundaries
The Necessary Life Functions are:
Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
It includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system.
Movement
It is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then react to them.
Responsiveness/Irritability
They are highly irritable and
can communicate rapidly with each other via electrical impulses.
Nerve cells
It is the process of breaking down
ingested food into simple molecules that can then
be absorbed into the blood.
Digestion
The nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the __________.
cardiovascular system
It refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and
all of its cells.
Metabolism
It includes breaking down complex
substances into simpler building blocks, making larger structures from smaller ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce
ATP.
Metabolism
Metabolism is regulated
chiefly by _______.
hormones
It is the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body.
Excretion
The production of offspring, can
occur on the cellular or organismal level.
Reproduction
The original cell divides, producing
two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair.
Cellular reproduction
The function of the reproductive system is regulated very precisely by _________.
hormones
It can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size.
Growth
For growth to occur, cell-constructing activities must occur at
a _______ than cell-destroying ones.
faster rate
The survival needs of an organism are:
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Appropriate temperature
Atmospheric pressure
These contain the chemicals used for energy and cell building.
Nutrients
The chemical reactions that release energy from foods require _______.
oxygen
Water accounts for ______ percent of body weight.
60 to 80
If body temperature drops below 37°C (98.6°F), metabolic reactions become _______.
slower and slower and finally stop
If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions proceed ____________________.
too rapidly, and body proteins begin to break down.
Most body heat is generated by the activity of the ________.
skeletal muscles
