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Anatomy and Physiology (Prelims) > Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

It is the study of the structure, or
physical form, of the body.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Structure determines _______.

A

function

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3
Q

It is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.

A

Anatomy

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4
Q

It is the study of large, easily observable structures.

A

Gross anatomy

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5
Q

Etymology of the word anatomy.

A

cut (tomy) apart (ana)

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6
Q

It is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

A

Microscopic anatomy

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7
Q

It is the study of how the
body and its parts work or function

A

Physiology

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8
Q

Etymology of the word physiology.

A

physio = nature; ology = study of

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9
Q

It explains the workings of the nervous system.

A

Neurophysiology

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10
Q

It studies the function of the heart.

A

Cardiac physiology

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11
Q

The simplest level of the structural ladder.

A

Chemical level

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12
Q

At the chemical level, atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form _________.

A

molecules

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13
Q

Molecules associate in specific ways to form _____.

A

cells

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14
Q

In complex organisms such as trees or human beings, the structural ladder continues on to the _______.

A

tissue level

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15
Q

They consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.

A

Tissues

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16
Q

A structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body.

A

Organ

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17
Q

It is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.

A

Organ system

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18
Q

11 organ systems make up the living human being, or the _______.

A

organism

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19
Q

It is the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

A

Organismal level

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20
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A

Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system

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21
Q

It is used to illustrate the levels of structural organization in a human being.

A

Levels of structural organization

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22
Q

It is the external covering of the body, or the skin, including the hair and fingernails.

A

Integumentary system

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23
Q

It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury.

A

Integumentary system

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24
Q

With the help of sunlight, the integumentary system produces ______.

A

vitamin D

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25
Q

These are located in the skin to alert us to what is happening at the body’s surface.

A

Sensory receptors

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26
Q

It consists of bones, cartilage, and joints

A

Skeletal system

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27
Q

It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement.

A

Skeletal system

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28
Q

Where are the blood cells formed?

A

In the cavities of the skeleton

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29
Q

The only function of the muscles.

A

To contract/shorten

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30
Q

When contractions in the muscles happen, __________ occurs.

A

movement

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31
Q

The mobility of the body as a whole
reflects the activity of ___________.

A

skeletal muscles

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32
Q

They form the muscular system.

A

Skeletal muscles

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33
Q

The body’s fast-acting control system.

A

Nervous system

34
Q

It consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors.

A

Nervous system

35
Q

They detect changes in temperature, pressure, or light, and send nerve impulses to the central nervous system.

A

Sensory receptors

36
Q

This system controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly.

A

Endocrine system

37
Q

Endocrine glands produce _____ and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.

A

hormones

38
Q

The endocrine glands include: the

A

pituitary
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenals
thymus
pancreas
pineal
ovaries
testes

39
Q

The primary organs of the cardiovascular system
are the:

A

heart and blood vessels

40
Q

It delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to, and picks up wastes such as carbon dioxide from, cells near sites of exchange.

A

Cardiovascular system

41
Q

They help to protect the body from
bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.

A

White blood cells

42
Q

The heart propels blood out of its chambers into _________ to be transported to all body tissues.

A

blood vessels

43
Q

It complements the cardiovascular system.

A

Lymphatic system

44
Q

The lymphatic system includes:

A

lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils

45
Q

They help to cleanse the blood and house white blood cells involved in immunity.

A

Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs

46
Q

It keeps the body supplied with oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide.

A

Respiratory system

47
Q

Gases are exchanged with the blood through the thin walls of the __________.

A

air sacs

48
Q

It is basically a tube running
through the body from mouth to anus.

A

Digestive system

49
Q

Their role is to break down food
and deliver the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells.

A

Digestive system

50
Q

The breakdown activities are completed in the ________.

A

small intestine

51
Q

The undigested food leaves
the body through the anus as _____.

A

feces

52
Q

It breaks down fats.

A

Bile

53
Q

It has both endocrine and digestive functions.

A

Pancreas

54
Q

A normal part of healthy body function is the production of _________.

A

waste by-products

55
Q

It removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.

A

Urinary system/Excretory system

56
Q

It maintains the body’s electrolyte balance, regulating the acid-base balance of the blood, and helping to regulate normal blood pressure.

A

Urinary system

57
Q

What is the role of the reproductive system?

A

To produce offspring

58
Q

It provides the site for the development of the fetus.

A

Uterus

59
Q

Every living organism must be able to ___________ so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside.”

A

maintain its boundaries

60
Q

The Necessary Life Functions are:

A

Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

61
Q

It includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system.

A

Movement

62
Q

It is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then react to them.

A

Responsiveness/Irritability

63
Q

They are highly irritable and
can communicate rapidly with each other via electrical impulses.

A

Nerve cells

64
Q

It is the process of breaking down
ingested food into simple molecules that can then
be absorbed into the blood.

A

Digestion

65
Q

The nutrient-rich blood is then distributed to all body cells by the __________.

A

cardiovascular system

66
Q

It refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and
all of its cells.

A

Metabolism

67
Q

It includes breaking down complex
substances into simpler building blocks, making larger structures from smaller ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce
ATP.

A

Metabolism

68
Q

Metabolism is regulated
chiefly by _______.

A

hormones

69
Q

It is the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body.

A

Excretion

70
Q

The production of offspring, can
occur on the cellular or organismal level.

A

Reproduction

71
Q

The original cell divides, producing
two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair.

A

Cellular reproduction

72
Q

The function of the reproductive system is regulated very precisely by _________.

A

hormones

73
Q

It can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size.

A

Growth

74
Q

For growth to occur, cell-constructing activities must occur at
a _______ than cell-destroying ones.

A

faster rate

75
Q

The survival needs of an organism are:

A

Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Appropriate temperature
Atmospheric pressure

76
Q

These contain the chemicals used for energy and cell building.

A

Nutrients

77
Q

The chemical reactions that release energy from foods require _______.

A

oxygen

78
Q

Water accounts for ______ percent of body weight.

A

60 to 80

79
Q

If body temperature drops below 37°C (98.6°F), metabolic reactions become _______.

A

slower and slower and finally stop

80
Q

If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions proceed ____________________.

A

too rapidly, and body proteins begin to break down.

81
Q

Most body heat is generated by the activity of the ________.

A

skeletal muscles

Anatomy and Physiology (Prelims) (4 decks)

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