Tissues Flashcards
Four key points of EPITHELIAL tissue
- CELL RICH; cells bound tightly together forming junctions complexes
- covers surfaces
- forms glands - secretions
- separates compartments
What are the spaces between cells filled with in CONNECTIVE tissue
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX = fibres + ground substances + fluid
What is the purpose of CONNECTIVE tissue
Connect and support
What is the purpose of the ECM in CONNECTIVE tissue
ECM defines STRUCTURE and FUNCTION
Name the 4 types of tissues
EPITHELIAL
- eg skin, glands, blood vessels
CONNECTIVE
- eg blood, bone, adipose
MUSCLE
- eg cardiac, smooth, skeletal
NERVE
- eg neurons, cerebellum
Describe MUSCLE tissue
- Elongated thin cells
- Contractile
How do MUSCLE tissue contract?
Cytoplasm packed with contractile apparatus
What is the purpose of NERVE tissue
Communication
- receives, generates and transmits electrical signals
- integrates information
How does epithelial tissue maintain coverage of surfaces
No contact inhibition
Cell-cell junctions
Cell-ECM junctions
What are the different types of cell to cell junctions?
TIGHT - seals intracellular space
GAP - cell to cell communication
DESMOSOMES - firm Anchorage
What is the basement membrane made up of?
Basal lamina + Reticular lamina
What are cell to ECM junctions connected by?
Hemidesmosomes
Give examples of specialisation of epithelial cells
CILIA:
Movement especially in trachea
VILLUS/MICROVILLI:
microfilaments support
What type of epithelial is only found in the urinary tract?
Transitional epithelial (urothelium)
Are glands single celled or multicellular?
Both
What are the two types of GLANDS
Exocrine (secrete into tubes) - attached to surface
Endocrine (secrete into blood) - detached from surface
What are the different shapes of EXOCRINE glands
Simple tubular
Simple acinar
Compound tubular
Compound acinar
TUBULOACINAR (which is a compound exocrine gland)
What are the two types of EXOCRINE glands?
MUCOUS glands
- secretion rich in proteoglycans
- secretion + water = mucus
SEROUS glands
- watery, enzymes
- protein rich secretions
What are the 3 methods of EXOCRINE secretion?
Merocrine (gland remains whole)
Apocrine (secretion pinched off)
Holocrine (whole gland becomes secretion)
What the name of ENDOCRINE glands secretions
Proteinaceous secretion
What are the 5 types of abnormal function of epithelial cells?
- over proliferation
- under proliferation
- over secretion
- under secretion
- loss of cilia/ciliary beat
What are the 9 types of connective tissue
- blood/bone marrow
- mucous
- reticular
- loose
- dense - regular
- dense - irregular
- cartilage
- bone
- adipose (fat)
What are the two main types of fibres in CONNECTIVE tissue?
Collagen (inelastic but flexible)
- (reticulin)
Elastic (sheets rather than fibres)
What is collagen formed by?
Fibroblasts
What are the 5 types of permanent (fixed) cells in LOOSE CONNECTIVE tissue?
- fibroblasts
- macrophages
- adipocytes
- mast cells
- undifferentiated mesenchyme cells
What other cells are in LOOSE CONNECTIVE tissue?
Transient cells
- white blood cells
What is the function of SIMPLE epithelium?
Absorption, secretion, filtration
What is the function of STRATIFIED epithelium?
Protective
Secretory - glands
What is the function of PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR epithelium?
Secretion, movement
What is the function of TRANSITIONAL epithelium?
Permeability barrier
Stretchability
