Tissues Flashcards
Name the 4 types of basic tissue
Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nerve tissue
Where is epithelium tissue found?
Outer layers of skin, inner lining of organs
Where is connective tissue found?
Cartilage, blood, bone
Where is nerve tissue found?
Neurons, supporting cells
Where is muscle tissue found?
e.g. heart
How do epithelial and connective tissue differ in terms of space?
Epithelial - densely packed and cells are directly connected to each other
Connective - sparse and suspended in ECM
Why are muscle cells elongated and generally arranged in bundles/fascicles
To allow for contraction/relaxation
To attach to other structures like bone
Which cells secrete fibres and ECM components of connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
What’s the difference between exocrine and endocrine gland?
Exocrine - secrete contents into a duct
Endocrine - secrete contents into bloodstream
Name 3 types of exocrine gland, their modes of secretion and an example
Merocrine (eccrine) - no part of cell is lost in secretion, e.g. salivary glands
Apocrine - top of cell is lost with secretion, e.g. mammary gland
Holocrine - whole cell detaches with the secretion, e.g. sebaceous glands
Define basement membrane
Thin layer of specialised ECM that forms the supporting structure for epithelial and endothelial cells
What 3 main ways can epithelia be classed and what is their purpose?
Simple - absorptive
Stratified - protective
Glandular - secretory
Name an epithelial surface specialisation that assists in absorption
Microvilli
Name an epithelial surface specialisation that assists in moving intralumenal substances
Cilia
Define pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Formed by a single layer of cells that give the appearance of being made from multiple layers
Name the 3 types of connective tissue
Loose
Dense Irregular
Dense Regular
What type of connective tissue are the following (each is different)
Muscle tendon/ligament
Dermis of skin/fibrous capsules of joints
Around organs and blood vessels
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Loose connective
Describe the arrangement/number of fibres in different types of connective tissue
Dense regular - strong, parallel arrangement of collagen fibres
Dense Irregular - arranged irregularly to provide strength in multiple directions
Loose Connective Tissue - more ground substance and fewer fibres
Give 3 main sites in the body where adipose tissue is found
Subcutaneous tissue: This is the layer of fat located just beneath the skin, which serves as insulation and padding.
Visceral adipose tissue: Found around internal organs like the liver, intestines, and kidneys, it acts as a protective cushion and an energy reserve.
Bone marrow: Adipose tissue within bone marrow provides structural support and plays a role in the production of bone marrow cells.
What are the 2 functions of adipose tissue, and how is it stored?
Energy storage as triglycerides, released as fatty acids
Insulation, cushioning organs and regulating temperature
What are the two types and functions of adipose tissue?
White adipose tissue - stores energy
Brown adipose tissue - thermogenesis. Contains more mitochondria and iron-rich proteins
Give 4 examples of hormones produced by adipose tissue
Leptin
Oestrogen
Resistin
Cytokines (especially TNFa)
Name 3 types of fibres found in the ECM of connective tissue
Collagen fibres - structure
Elastic fibres - flexibility
Reticular fibres - support
What are reticular fibres made of?
Collagen and glycoproteins
Name 3 cells found in loose connective tissue that migrated to it from the bloodstream
Macrophages: These are large immune cells that engulf and digest cellular debris, pathogens, and other foreign substances. They play a crucial role in the body’s defence against infections and in tissue repair.
Plasma cells: These are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies, which are essential components of the immune system. Plasma cells help defend against specific pathogens by producing antibodies that target and neutralize them.
Mast cells: These cells are involved in the body’s immune response and play a role in allergic reactions. They release substances like histamine in response to injury or allergic triggers, contributing to inflammation and the body’s defence mechanisms.
What 2 main components make the ECM?
Collagen/elastic/reticular fibres
Ground substance
What is ground substance made of?
Water
Proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans
Glycoproteins
What is the name given to malignant cancer from uncontrolled proliferation of epithelial cells?
Carcinoma
What is the name given to malignant cancer from uncontrolled proliferation of connective tissue cells?
Sarcoma
