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Anatomy - Year 1 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 types of basic tissue

A

Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nerve tissue

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2
Q

Where is epithelium tissue found?

A

Outer layers of skin, inner lining of organs

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3
Q

Where is connective tissue found?

A

Cartilage, blood, bone

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4
Q

Where is nerve tissue found?

A

Neurons, supporting cells

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5
Q

Where is muscle tissue found?

A

e.g. heart

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6
Q

How do epithelial and connective tissue differ in terms of space?

A

Epithelial - densely packed and cells are directly connected to each other
Connective - sparse and suspended in ECM

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7
Q

Why are muscle cells elongated and generally arranged in bundles/fascicles

A

To allow for contraction/relaxation
To attach to other structures like bone

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8
Q

Which cells secrete fibres and ECM components of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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9
Q

What’s the difference between exocrine and endocrine gland?

A

Exocrine - secrete contents into a duct
Endocrine - secrete contents into bloodstream

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10
Q

Name 3 types of exocrine gland, their modes of secretion and an example

A

Merocrine (eccrine) - no part of cell is lost in secretion, e.g. salivary glands
Apocrine - top of cell is lost with secretion, e.g. mammary gland
Holocrine - whole cell detaches with the secretion, e.g. sebaceous glands

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11
Q

Define basement membrane

A

Thin layer of specialised ECM that forms the supporting structure for epithelial and endothelial cells

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12
Q

What 3 main ways can epithelia be classed and what is their purpose?

A

Simple - absorptive
Stratified - protective
Glandular - secretory

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13
Q

Name an epithelial surface specialisation that assists in absorption

A

Microvilli

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14
Q

Name an epithelial surface specialisation that assists in moving intralumenal substances

A

Cilia

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15
Q

Define pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Formed by a single layer of cells that give the appearance of being made from multiple layers

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16
Q

Name the 3 types of connective tissue

A

Loose
Dense Irregular
Dense Regular

17
Q

What type of connective tissue are the following (each is different)

Muscle tendon/ligament
Dermis of skin/fibrous capsules of joints
Around organs and blood vessels

A

Dense Regular

Dense Irregular

Loose connective

18
Q

Describe the arrangement/number of fibres in different types of connective tissue

A

Dense regular - strong, parallel arrangement of collagen fibres

Dense Irregular - arranged irregularly to provide strength in multiple directions

Loose Connective Tissue - more ground substance and fewer fibres

19
Q

Give 3 main sites in the body where adipose tissue is found

A

Subcutaneous tissue: This is the layer of fat located just beneath the skin, which serves as insulation and padding.

Visceral adipose tissue: Found around internal organs like the liver, intestines, and kidneys, it acts as a protective cushion and an energy reserve.

Bone marrow: Adipose tissue within bone marrow provides structural support and plays a role in the production of bone marrow cells.

20
Q

What are the 2 functions of adipose tissue, and how is it stored?

A

Energy storage as triglycerides, released as fatty acids

Insulation, cushioning organs and regulating temperature

21
Q

What are the two types and functions of adipose tissue?

A

White adipose tissue - stores energy

Brown adipose tissue - thermogenesis. Contains more mitochondria and iron-rich proteins

22
Q

Give 4 examples of hormones produced by adipose tissue

A

Leptin
Oestrogen
Resistin
Cytokines (especially TNFa)

23
Q

Name 3 types of fibres found in the ECM of connective tissue

A

Collagen fibres - structure
Elastic fibres - flexibility
Reticular fibres - support

24
Q

What are reticular fibres made of?

A

Collagen and glycoproteins

25
Q

Name 3 cells found in loose connective tissue that migrated to it from the bloodstream

A

Macrophages: These are large immune cells that engulf and digest cellular debris, pathogens, and other foreign substances. They play a crucial role in the body’s defence against infections and in tissue repair.

Plasma cells: These are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies, which are essential components of the immune system. Plasma cells help defend against specific pathogens by producing antibodies that target and neutralize them.

Mast cells: These cells are involved in the body’s immune response and play a role in allergic reactions. They release substances like histamine in response to injury or allergic triggers, contributing to inflammation and the body’s defence mechanisms.

26
Q

What 2 main components make the ECM?

A

Collagen/elastic/reticular fibres

Ground substance

27
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

Water
Proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans
Glycoproteins

28
Q

What is the name given to malignant cancer from uncontrolled proliferation of epithelial cells?

A

Carcinoma

29
Q

What is the name given to malignant cancer from uncontrolled proliferation of connective tissue cells?

A

Sarcoma

Anatomy - Year 1 (10 decks)

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