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Anatomy - Year 1 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Define cartilage

A

A semi-rigid flexible connective tissue covers the ends of long bones at the joints and is a structural component of many body components.

It also serves the purpose of holding tubes open in the body and as a precursor of bone

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2
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage with examples

A

Elastic cartilage (external ear, epiglottis)

Hyaline cartilage (ribs, nose, trachea)

Fibrocartilage (IV discs, certain ligaments)

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3
Q

In what 3 ways do the types of cartilage differ

A

Amount of collagen
Elastic fibres
Ground substance

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4
Q

What 2 things does cartilage lack?

A

It is avascular and aneural

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5
Q

What membrane surrounds cartilage and what is its function?

A

Perichondrium

Dense irregular connective tissue

It supplies nutrients, helps with growth and repair, and protection

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6
Q

What cells help growth and repair of cartilage and where are they found?

A

Chondroblasts in the perichondrium

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7
Q

Which type of cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

Which type of cartilage covers the end of a bone in a synovial joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Which type of cartilage is most prevalent in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

Why does bone regenerate relatively quickly compared to cartilage?

A

Bone is vascular so tissue can migrate to wound to divide and multiply rapidly, cartilage is avascular so multiplying cells could not be nourished.

Also, cartilage cells exist in a thick extra-cellular matrix, so they can’t migrate quickly.

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11
Q

Define joint

A

A connection between two bones in the skeletal system

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12
Q

Name the 3 types of joints with examples

A

Fibrous - sutures, gomphosis

Cartilaginous - symphysis pubis, IV disc

Synovial - shoulder girdle, hip girdle

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13
Q

Which type of joint is most mobile?

A

Synovial

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14
Q

Which type of joint is least mobile?

A

Fibrous

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15
Q

Give 3 main structural features of synovial joints?

A

Allow for movement

Consist of 2 bony surfaces

Are encompassed by a fibrous capsule with a synovial lining

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16
Q

Define symphysis

A

Symphyses are a secondary cartilaginous joint. They’re slightly movable and keep two bones together

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17
Q

In cartilaginous joints, how what two types of cartilage could be present?

A

Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint? What are they made of and are they movable?

A

Synchondroses/Primary Cartilaginous - connected by hyaline, immovable

Symphyses/Secondary Cartilaginous - connected by fibrocartilage, slightly movable

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19
Q

Define synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

A

Synarthrosis – immovable.

Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable.

Diarthrosis – freely moveable.

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20
Q

Histologically, in what 2 ways might you recognise hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Widely dispersed cells
  • These cells are chondrocytes in lacunae (black dots in white dots)
21
Q

Histologically, in what 3 ways might you recognise spongy bone tissue?

A
  • Irregular shape
  • Just visible little black dots in pink (nuclei of osteocytes)
  • Marrow space with adipose (white with blue inside)
22
Q

Histologically, in what 4 ways might you recognise compact bone tissue?

A
  • Looks like rings on a tree (concentric lamellae forming osteons)
  • Little black dots that look like ants (osteocytes)
  • Lamellae have holes in centre (central Haversian canals for blood vessels)
  • Presence of interstitial lamellae (between concentric lamellae)
23
Q

In what 2 places of a long bone would we find hyaline cartilage?

A

Epiphyseal plate

Superficial to the epiphysis to allow for joint articulation

24
Q

What is the name given to hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of long bones?

A

Articular cartilage

25
Q

Define synovial joint

A

A joint with the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule

26
Q

What’s the most common type of joint in the body?

A

Synovial

27
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joint

A

Hinge
Saddle
Plane
Pivot
Condyloid
Ball and socket

28
Q

Define synovial hinge joint and give examples

A

permits movement in one plane – usually flexion and extension.
E.g. elbow joint, ankle joint, knee joint.

29
Q

Define synovial saddle joint and give an example

A

named due to its resemblance to a saddle on a horse’s back. It is characterised by opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-convex shape.
E.g. carpometacarpal joints.

30
Q

Define synovial plane joint and give examples

A

the articular surfaces are relatively flat, allowing the bones to glide over one another.
E.g. acromioclavicular joint, subtalar joint.

31
Q

Define synovial pivot joint and give examples

A

allows for rotation only. It is formed by a central bony pivot, which is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous ring
E.g. proximal and distal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint.

32
Q

Define synovial condyloid joint and give examples

A

contains a convex surface which articulates with a concave elliptical cavity. They are also known as ellipsoid joints.
E.g. wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsophalangeal joint.

33
Q

Define synovial ball and socket joint and give examples

A

where the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. It permits free movement in numerous axes.
E.g. hip joint, shoulder joint.

34
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Synovial hinge

35
Q

What type of joint is an ankle joint?

A

Synovial hinge

36
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial hinge

37
Q

What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint (thumb to hand)

A

Synovial saddle joint

38
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Synovial plane

39
Q

What type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

Synovial plane

40
Q

What type of joint is the proximal and distal radioulnar joint?

A

Synovial pivot

41
Q

What type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint?

A

Synovial pivot

42
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint?

A

Synovial condyloid

43
Q

What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

Synovial condyloid

44
Q

What type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

Synovial condyloid

45
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

46
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

47
Q

A joint with bones held together by an interosseus membrane is called what?

A

Syndesmosis

48
Q

Since cartilage is avascular, how does it get nutrients

A

Diffusion from long range capillaries in the perichondrium

49
Q

What type of fibres does hyaline cartilage have?

A

Type II

Anatomy - Year 1 (10 decks)

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