Joints Flashcards
Define cartilage
A semi-rigid flexible connective tissue covers the ends of long bones at the joints and is a structural component of many body components.
It also serves the purpose of holding tubes open in the body and as a precursor of bone
Name the 3 types of cartilage with examples
Elastic cartilage (external ear, epiglottis)
Hyaline cartilage (ribs, nose, trachea)
Fibrocartilage (IV discs, certain ligaments)
In what 3 ways do the types of cartilage differ
Amount of collagen
Elastic fibres
Ground substance
What 2 things does cartilage lack?
It is avascular and aneural
What membrane surrounds cartilage and what is its function?
Perichondrium
Dense irregular connective tissue
It supplies nutrients, helps with growth and repair, and protection
What cells help growth and repair of cartilage and where are they found?
Chondroblasts in the perichondrium
Which type of cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate?
Hyaline cartilage
Which type of cartilage covers the end of a bone in a synovial joint?
Hyaline cartilage
Which type of cartilage is most prevalent in the body?
Hyaline cartilage
Why does bone regenerate relatively quickly compared to cartilage?
Bone is vascular so tissue can migrate to wound to divide and multiply rapidly, cartilage is avascular so multiplying cells could not be nourished.
Also, cartilage cells exist in a thick extra-cellular matrix, so they can’t migrate quickly.
Define joint
A connection between two bones in the skeletal system
Name the 3 types of joints with examples
Fibrous - sutures, gomphosis
Cartilaginous - symphysis pubis, IV disc
Synovial - shoulder girdle, hip girdle
Which type of joint is most mobile?
Synovial
Which type of joint is least mobile?
Fibrous
Give 3 main structural features of synovial joints?
Allow for movement
Consist of 2 bony surfaces
Are encompassed by a fibrous capsule with a synovial lining
Define symphysis
Symphyses are a secondary cartilaginous joint. They’re slightly movable and keep two bones together
In cartilaginous joints, how what two types of cartilage could be present?
Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint? What are they made of and are they movable?
Synchondroses/Primary Cartilaginous - connected by hyaline, immovable
Symphyses/Secondary Cartilaginous - connected by fibrocartilage, slightly movable
Define synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
Synarthrosis – immovable.
Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable.
Diarthrosis – freely moveable.
Histologically, in what 2 ways might you recognise hyaline cartilage?
- Widely dispersed cells
- These cells are chondrocytes in lacunae (black dots in white dots)
Histologically, in what 3 ways might you recognise spongy bone tissue?
- Irregular shape
- Just visible little black dots in pink (nuclei of osteocytes)
- Marrow space with adipose (white with blue inside)
Histologically, in what 4 ways might you recognise compact bone tissue?
- Looks like rings on a tree (concentric lamellae forming osteons)
- Little black dots that look like ants (osteocytes)
- Lamellae have holes in centre (central Haversian canals for blood vessels)
- Presence of interstitial lamellae (between concentric lamellae)
In what 2 places of a long bone would we find hyaline cartilage?
Epiphyseal plate
Superficial to the epiphysis to allow for joint articulation
What is the name given to hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of long bones?
Articular cartilage
Define synovial joint
A joint with the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule
What’s the most common type of joint in the body?
Synovial
Name the 6 types of synovial joint
Hinge
Saddle
Plane
Pivot
Condyloid
Ball and socket
Define synovial hinge joint and give examples
permits movement in one plane – usually flexion and extension.
E.g. elbow joint, ankle joint, knee joint.
Define synovial saddle joint and give an example
named due to its resemblance to a saddle on a horse’s back. It is characterised by opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-convex shape.
E.g. carpometacarpal joints.
Define synovial plane joint and give examples
the articular surfaces are relatively flat, allowing the bones to glide over one another.
E.g. acromioclavicular joint, subtalar joint.
Define synovial pivot joint and give examples
allows for rotation only. It is formed by a central bony pivot, which is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous ring
E.g. proximal and distal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint.
Define synovial condyloid joint and give examples
contains a convex surface which articulates with a concave elliptical cavity. They are also known as ellipsoid joints.
E.g. wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsophalangeal joint.
Define synovial ball and socket joint and give examples
where the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. It permits free movement in numerous axes.
E.g. hip joint, shoulder joint.
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Synovial hinge
What type of joint is an ankle joint?
Synovial hinge
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial hinge
What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint (thumb to hand)
Synovial saddle joint
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial plane
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
Synovial plane
What type of joint is the proximal and distal radioulnar joint?
Synovial pivot
What type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint?
Synovial pivot
What type of joint is the wrist joint?
Synovial condyloid
What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Synovial condyloid
What type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint?
Synovial condyloid
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Synovial ball and socket
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Synovial ball and socket
A joint with bones held together by an interosseus membrane is called what?
Syndesmosis
Since cartilage is avascular, how does it get nutrients
Diffusion from long range capillaries in the perichondrium
What type of fibres does hyaline cartilage have?
Type II
