Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy - Year 1 > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 categories can bones be divided into, based on location?

A

Axial
Appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define axial skeleton

A

Bones situated in the long axis of the body in anatomical position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define appendicular skeleton

A

Bones that are appended to the axial skeleton, i.e. limbs.

Includes scapulae and pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton and which appendicular?

Ribs
Vertebrae
Clavicle
Hip bone
Sacrum
Tibia

A

Ribs - axial
Vertebrae - axial
Clavicle - appendicular
Hip bone - appendicular
Sacrum - axial
Tibia - appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 functions of limb girdles?

A

Surround and support proximal ends of limb bones

Provide point of attachment for appendicular skeleton to axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 2 things is bone comprised of?

A

Collagen fibres

Impregnated by a crystalline calcium salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the 2 types of bone

A

Compact (cortical) bone
Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is found in the centre of bones and what’s the centre called?

A

Marrow (medullary) cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the 6 shapes of bone and give an example of each

A

Long - limb
Short - wrist
Flat - skull
Pneumatic - skull (air-filled cavity)
Sesamoid - patella
Irregular - vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of a sesamoid bone?

A

Relieve tension within muscles and tendons, allowing for increased weight-bearing and tolerance by redistributing forces throughout a muscle or tendon, thereby protecting them from significant strain and injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the 3 parts of a long bone

A

Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define epiphysis

A

The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define metaphysis

A

The wide portion of the long bones. This is commonly found between the two ends of a bone, meaning the epiphysis and the diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the metaphysis part of?

A

The metaphysis is part of the growth plate. It develops during childhood, its ossification centres being located close to the ends of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The metaphysis contains a highly metabolic set of tissues including what 3 things?

A

Trabecular bone
Blood vessels
Marrow Adipose Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Condyle vs Epicondyle: What is their shape? What size are they? What do they articulate with?

A

Condyles are usually more rounded

Condyles are smooth and large; epicondyles are rough and small

Condyles articulate with bone; epicondyles provide a surface for muscle and ligament attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Compact bone is composed of a ____ and surrounded on the outside by a ____ and on the inside by a _____

A

Compact bone is composed of a HAVERSIAN SYSTEM and surrounded on the outside by a PERIOSTEUM and on the inside by a ENDOSTEUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which osteogenic cells are found in the periosteum?

A

Osteoblasts

20
Q

Where specifically are osteoblasts found?

A

Periosteum

21
Q

In what part of a long bone is compact bone mainly found?

A

The diaphysis

22
Q

In what part of a long bone is spongy bone found?

A

Epiphysis

23
Q

In what part of long bone is bone marrow found?

A

Inside the diaphysis

24
Q

What are the 2 colours and functions of bone marrow?

A

Red and yellow

Red makes blood cells
Yellow stores fat

25
Q

What is an increase in bone width called?

A

Appositional growth

“Appositional” means to add (appose) new bone tissue from the outside (from the periosteum) onto the existing bone.

26
Q

What is an increase in bone length called?

A

Interstitial growth

“Interstitial” means growth occurring through cell division in the epiphyseal growth plate, i.e., within the existing bone

27
Q

Does the periosteum or epiphyseal plate give rise to appositional bone growth?

A

Periosteum leads to appositional growth

28
Q

Does the periosteum or epiphyseal plate give rise to interstitial bone growth?

A

Epiphyseal plate gives rise to interstitial bone growth

29
Q

Which bone cells are active in fracture-healing process?

A

Osteocytes

30
Q

What cells make bones and what break them down?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

31
Q

Which one of the following bones belongs to the appendicular skeleton?

Ribs
Cervical vertebrae
Sacrum
Xiphoid bone
Hip bones

A

Hip bones

32
Q

Compact bone is:

a. trabecular in architecture
b. synthesised by osteoclasts
c. resorbed by osteoblasts
d. arranged circumferentially
e. found in the marrow cavity

A

arranged circumferentially

33
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid

34
Q

When osteoclasts break down bone, they form a reabsorption pit. What’s it called?

A

Howship’s lacuna

35
Q

Haversian canals run vertically along the bone. What canal runs horizontally, connecting Haversian canals?

A

Volkmann’s Canal

36
Q

What membrane covers the outside of bones? What membrane covers the inside of bones?

A

Periosteum
Endosteum

37
Q

What 3 things is ECM made of?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals, collagen (Type I) and water

38
Q

In terms of resorption and formation of bone, what is:
Osteoporosis
Paget’s disease
Osteopetrosis

A

Osteoporosis = more resorption than formation
Paget’s disease = more resorption and formation
Osteopetrosis = less resorption

39
Q

What causes brittle bone disease?

A

A deficiency of Type 1 collagen

40
Q

Why does menopause lead to a steep decline of bone mass in women?

A

Oestrogen has an inhibitory effect on osteoclasts

Less oestrogen = osteoclasts remove more bone

41
Q

Name the 2 types of ossification

A

Endochondral

Intramembranous

42
Q

Explain endochondral ossification

A

Bone forms as cartilage “model” first
BVs invade cartilage
Cartilage replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in epiphyseal growth plate
Growth plate eventually ossifies

43
Q

Explain intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts

Residual mesenchymal cells develop BVs and bone marrow

44
Q

Which type of ossification can occur in adult bone?

A

Intramembranous ossification

45
Q

What cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Mesenchymal cells

46
Q

Name the 2 types of bone growth (the way they grow larger)

A

Appositional growth

Interstitial growth

47
Q

Define and differentiate between woven bone and lamellar bone

A

The first bone formed at any site is woven (or primary) bone, but this is soon replaced by lamellar bone. In woven bone the collagen fibres are random. In lamellar bone, the collagen fibres have become re-modelled to become more parallel - in layers.

Anatomy - Year 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions