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Anatomy - Year 1 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term “mediastinum” and describe its subdivisions. Give an example of a structure found in each subdivision (1, 3, 5)

A

Mediastinum - contents of the thorax other than the lungs and their pleurae. Means “standing in the middle of the chest”

The sternomanubrial plane (at T4) divides the mediastinum into Superior and Inferior mediastinum. Inferior subdivided into: Anterior, Middle, Posterior

Anterior: Thymus
Middle: Heart, pericardium, great vessels
Posterior: Descending aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygous vein, sympathetic chain

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2
Q

Describe the position of the heart and major blood vessels in the mediastinum

Anterior (2)
Posterior (3)
Lateral (2)
Inferior (2)
Superior (3)

A

Anterior: Sternum, costal cartilage 4-7

Posterior: Oesophagus, descending aorta, vertebrae T5-8 in recumbent position

Lateral: Pleura, phrenic nerve

Inferior: Central tendon of diaphragm, inferior vena cava

Superior: Aorta, pulmonary artery, superior vena cava

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3
Q

Describe which atria and ventricles are at the:
Right border (1)
Left border (1)
Superior border (2, neither is atrium/ventricle)
Inferior border (2)

Anterior surface (3)
Inferior surface (2)
Posterior surface (1)

A

Right border: Right atrium
Left border: Left ventricle
Superior border: R+L auricles, great vessels
Inferior border: Right and left ventricle

Anterior surface: 1/3 right atrium, 2/3 right and left ventricle
Inferior surface: Right and left ventricle
Posterior surface: Left atrium

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4
Q

Describe the tissue layers of the heart from inside to outside (6)

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Serous pericardium (Visceral)
Pericardial cavity
Serous pericardium (Parietal)
Fibrous pericardium

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5
Q

Describe the intrinsic (5) and extrinsic (3) innervation of the heart

A

Intrinsic, modified externally by cardiac plexus:
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibres
Heart wall & heart wall vessels

Extrinsic:
Phrenic nerves: Innervate fibrous pericardium and parietal serous pericardium. Carries pain sensation

Vagus nerves (parasympathetic): Innervate myocardium and visceral serous pericardium

Sympathetic nerves: T1-4 innervate myocardium and visceral serous pericardium. Cause referred pain

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6
Q

Describe the surface markings of the “apex beat” and heart valves, including the areas for valve auscultation.

A

Apex beat: 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line

Aortic: Right 2nd intercostal
Pulmonary: Left 2nd intercostal
Tricuspid: Left 4th intercostal
Mitral: Left 5th midclavicular

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7
Q

Identify the heart chambers in the anatomical position and in cross section

A

Anatomical position:
Top right - right atrium
Top left - left atrium
Bottom right - right ventricle
Bottom left - left ventricle

Cross section:
Looks like diamond
12 o’clock - Right ventricle
3 o’clock - left ventricle
6 o’clock - left atrium
9 o’clock - right atrium

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8
Q

Identify the main anatomical features of the right atrium (5)

A

Openings for IVC, SVC, Coronary sinus
Interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis in interatrial septum
Musculi pectinate (pectinate muscles)
Tricuspid valve

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9
Q

Identify the main anatomical features of the right ventricle (5)

A

Tricuspid valve (with 3 valve cusps, chordae tendineae, 3x papillary muscles)

Trabeculae carneae (contractile fleshy struts)

Moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum) to prevent suction which might occur with a flat surface, impairing heart’s ability to pump

Opening for pulmonary trunk

Interventricular septum

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10
Q

Identify the main anatomical features of the left atrium (3)

A

Openings for R+L superior+inferior pulmonary veins

Bicuspid/mitral valve

Smooth walled, small chamber

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11
Q

Identify the main anatomical features of the left atrium (5)

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve with 2 valve cusps, 2 papillary muscles, and a chordae tendineae

Trabeculae carneae

Opening for aorta

Interventricular septum

Wall is 3x thicker than R ventricular wall

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12
Q

Identify the main vessels of the chest and trunk

A

Arteries
Internal thoracic artery
Aorta - ascending, arch, descending
Arch gives rise to - brachiocephalic artery (right subclavian and right common carotid artery); left common carotid artery; left subclavian artery

Vein
Internal thoracic vein
Vena cava - inferior and superior, which lie to the right of aorta
Azygos vein

Lymphatics
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct

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13
Q

Identify the main vessels of the upper limb from proximal to distal

A

Arteries:
Subclavian
Axillary
Brachial
Radial and ulnar
Digital

Veins:
Cephalic - travels up lateral side of limb
Basilic - travels up median side of limb
Median cubital - connects cephalic and basilic in cubital fossa

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14
Q

Identify the main vessels of the lower limb from proximal to distal

A

Arteries:
External iliac
Common femoral
Superficial and deep femoral
Popliteal
Anterior and posterior tibial
Fibular
Dorsalis pedis
Digital

Veins:
Femoral vein
Great (long) saphenous vein
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Superficial veins
Dorsal venous arch of foot

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15
Q

Locate the main arterial pulse points of the body

A

Superficial temporal and facial (external carotid)
Common carotid (aortic arch)
Brachial (axillary)
Radial (brachial)
Femoral (ext. iliac)
Popliteal (femoral)
Post. tibial (popliteal)
Dorsalis pedis (ant. tibial)

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16
Q

Describe the structures which give rise to the surface landmarks - the jugular (suprasternal) notch, sternum, sternal angle, xiphoid process, intercostal spaces, clavicles, midclavicular line, midaxillary line, mid-scapular line

A
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17
Q

Describe and demonstrate the internal thoracic arteries and veins

A
18
Q

Describe and demonstrate the pericardium and its attachments to related structures in the thorax

A
19
Q

Define normal heart size radiologically and demonstrate that you can, from a PA chest x-ray correctly interpret heart size

A
20
Q

Define and demonstrate anatomically and radiologically the names and distribution of the coronary arteries - the right and left coronary arteries, right marginal, the anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) and circumflex branches, the posterior interventricular artery (posterior descending)

A
21
Q

Define and demonstrate the main features and functions of the atria, ventricles, interatrial and interventricular septa, heart valves, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, orifices of the coronary arteries and opening of the coronary sinus

A
22
Q

Explain the route the blood follows through the heart and demonstrate this using radiological images

A
23
Q

Explain the relative bulk of the ventricles

A
24
Q

Demonstrate anatomically and radiologically the normal central position in the chest of the mediastinum and its contents

A
25
Q

Describe and demonstrate anatomically and radiologically the position and relations of the aorta (the ascending part, the arch, the descending part)

A
26
Q

Describe and demonstrate anatomically and radiologically the position and relations of the trachea, main bronchi and oesophagus

A
27
Q

Define and demonstrate the territory of supply of the coronary arteries.

A
28
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the heart wall

A
29
Q

Describe and demonstrate the main branches of the aortic arch and define their territory of supply

A
30
Q

Describe and demonstrate the position and relations of the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and their main tributaries

A
31
Q

Describe and demonstrate the position and relations of the vagus and the phrenic nerves

A
32
Q

Describe and demonstrate the pulmonary veins and define their function

A
33
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the heart and the locations for heart valve auscultation

A
34
Q

Describe the main arterial supply and venous drainage routes of the trunk and limbs

A
35
Q

Identify the main histological features of the heart and major blood vessels in light microscopic images

A
36
Q

Describe the main regional veins that are useful in venipuncture and cannulation

A
37
Q

Describe the internal jugular vein pulse and briefly describe the anatomical features used to locate its position

A
38
Q

Describe the layers of blood vessels - tunica intima, media and adventitia - and name the main cellular components of each layer.

A
39
Q

Describe the difference in structure of the 3 types of capillary and lymphatic vessels.

A
40
Q

Describe the histological differences between an elastic artery and a muscular artery, and give an example of each type.

A
41
Q

Briefly explain the purpose of an “arteriovenous shunt”.

A

Anatomy - Year 1 (10 decks)

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