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Human anatomy and physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four primary types of tissue in the human body?

A

connective
epithelium
muscle
nervous

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2
Q

define tissues

A

group of cells with similar structure and function

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3
Q

where can you find epithelium tissue?

A

body linings and coverings
glandular tissue

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4
Q

functions of the epithelium

A

secretion
absorption
filtration
protection

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5
Q

how are epithelium classified?

A

number of layers (first name) and shape of the cell (last name)

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6
Q

squamous

A

flat squished cells with a flat nucleus
allows for materials like oxygen to easily move across
fast absorption and diffusion

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7
Q

cuboidal

A

cube like cells
circular nucleus
absorption of nutrients and secretion

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8
Q

columnar

A

tall thick cells
ellipse nucelli
absorbs nutrients and produce secretions

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9
Q

simple

A

one layer

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10
Q

stratified

A

more than one layer

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11
Q

avascular

A

no blood supply

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12
Q

how does the epithelium get the materials they need?

A

from the connective tissues surrounding them

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13
Q

characteristics of epithelium

A

cells fit close together and form sheets
selective permeability
regenerate if well nourished

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14
Q

appical

A

upper side of tissue
located outside body or whatever internal cavity it is lining

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15
Q

basal

A

rests on basements membrane
inner side of tissue

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16
Q

simple epithelia

A

forms membranes that line body cavities
lines lungs and capillaries

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17
Q

simple cuboidal

A

common in glands and ducts
forms walls of kidney tubules
covers the ovaries

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18
Q

simple columnar

A

lines digestive tract
includes mucus producing goblet cells

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19
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer with some shorter cells
may be ciliated in the respiratory tract
may function in absorption of secretion

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20
Q

stratified squamous

A

protective covering where friction is common
located in the skin, mouth and esophagus

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21
Q

transitional epithelium

A

shape of cells depends on amount of stretching
lines organs of the urinary system

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22
Q

glandular epithelium

A

endocrine gland (secretes hormones, ductless bc secretions diffuse into blood vessel) and exocrine glands (secrete sweat and oil, secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface)

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23
Q

gland

A

organ specialized in secreting substances

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24
Q

epithelium

A

primary tissue
covers the surface of the body and lines body cavities, ducts and vessels

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25
Q

selective permeability

A

barrier allows some substances through and excludes others based on what the cell needs

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26
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

binds body tissue together
supports the body
provides protection

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27
Q

extracellular matrix

A

nonliving material that surrounds living cells

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28
Q

what are the main elements of extracellular matrix?

A

ground substance and fibers -
collagen (white)
elastic (yellow)
recticular

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29
Q

ground substance

A

mostly water, adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules

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30
Q

name the 8 types of connective tissue

A

dense connective (fibrous tissue)
loose connective (aerolar)
loose connective (adipose)
hyaline cartilage
bone (osseous)
blood (vascular)
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

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31
Q

bone (osseous tissue)

A

composed of osteocytes in lacunae cavities
hard matrix of calcium salts and collagen fibers
used to support and protect the body
erythropoiesis

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32
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

glassy, most common type of cartilage provides support, rich ground substance with starchy proteoglycans
composed of collagen fibers and rubbery matrix
located in larynx, fetal, skeleton and joints

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33
Q

elastic cartilage

A

found where strength and stretchability is needed
found in external ear and epiglottis
provides elasticity
chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

34
Q

fibrocartilage

A

forms cushion like discs between vertebrae to keep bones from grinding together
highly compressible, shock absorbs
thick fibers of collagen
good at withstanding pressure

35
Q

dense connective tissue

A

dense fibrous tissue
main matrix is collagen fibers
tendons ligaments and forms dermis
thicker/arranged erratically

36
Q

tendons

A

attaches skeletal muscle to bone

37
Q

ligaments

A

attaches bone to bone at joints

38
Q

dermis

A

lower layers of skin

39
Q

irregular/regular dense connective tissue

A

irregular dense connective tissue are nonparallel and found where tension may be exerted in areas

40
Q

loose connective tissue (areolar)

A

most common and widely distributed connective tissue
soft and pliable like cobwebs
fibroblast cells
soak up excess fluid, lots of room for edema, swelling, etc.
found under epithelial tissue wrapped around organs

41
Q

edema

A

swelling caused by too much tissues

42
Q

loose connective tissue (adipose)

A

contain liquid deposits filled with fat
adipocytes share airy disposal of fibers
insulates body against heat loss
serves as a site for fuel storage
protects some organs
organelles get pushed to side

43
Q

loose connective vs dense connective tissue

A

loose connective has fewer fibers and more ground substance
dense connective tissue has more fibers and less ground substance

44
Q

blood (vascular)

A

surrounded by fluid matrix called plasma with protein fibers floating around it
functions in transport

45
Q

recticular tissue

A

like areolar tissues but with a woven mess of reticular fibers rather than collagen and elastic
provides soft internal framework of spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
supports developing blood cells

46
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

47
Q

which of the 3 muscle tissue types is voluntary?

A

skeletal

48
Q

irritability

A

ability to react to stimuli

49
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to skeleton
contracts on bones and joints to produce movement and facial expressions
long, striated, cylindrical
multinucleated

50
Q

cardiac muscle

A

only found in the heart wall
as contracts it acts as a pump to propel blood through blood vessels
striated, short cells
one nucleus per cell
branched shape allows for cells to fit closely together to form intercalated discs

51
Q

smooth muscle

A

not striated
long with tapered ends
one nucleus per cell
found in hollow organs (stomach, uterus, blood vessels)
spindle shaped cells

52
Q

nervous tissue

A

composed of nerves and neuroglia
sends impulses to other areas of the body

53
Q

which muscle tissue type contracts the slowest?

A

smooth muscle tissue

54
Q

neuroglia

A

type of supporting cell that insulates, protects and supports neurons in the structures of the nervous system

55
Q

what are the hallmarks of connective tissue?

A

extracellular matrix and varying vascularity

56
Q

areola

A

small open space

57
Q

how do some of the connective tissues vary in blood supply?

A

cartilage connective tissues don’t have any nerves or blood
dense connective has poor blood supply
some connective tissues are well vascularized

58
Q

what do all four primary tissue types have in common?

A

all tissues have a matrix

59
Q

how does a neurons structure determine its function?

A

a neurons long processes allows a single neuron to conduct an impulse to distant body locations

60
Q

which fiber type provides strength to connective tissues?

A

collagen fibers

61
Q

intercalated discs

A

specialized connections for communication between cardiac muscle cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes

62
Q

goblet cells

A

simple glands that produce mucus

63
Q

basement membrane

A

thin layer of extracellular material to which epithelial cells are attached in mucosa surfaces

64
Q

mucous membrane

A

forms the linings of body cavities open to the exterior
ex: digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts

65
Q

serous membrane

A

membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body
(excludes joint cavities)

66
Q

desmosomes

A

anchoring junctions prevent cells from being pulled apart

67
Q

gap junctions

A

allow for communication between cells

68
Q

tight junctions

A

binds cells into leak proof sheets

69
Q

regeneration

A

replacement of destroyed tissues by the same kind of cells

70
Q

fibrosis

A

repair by dense connective tissue by formation of scar tissue

71
Q

when does fibrous usually occur?

A

depending on the type of tissue and severity of it

72
Q

what are the three events of tissue repair in order?

A

capillaries become permeable
granulation tissue forms
regeneration of surface epithelium

73
Q

granulation tissue

A

delicate pink tissue composed of new capillaries

74
Q

capillaries become permeable

A

blood clot forms

75
Q

granulation tissue forms

A

wound begins to shrink

76
Q

regeneration of surface epithelium

A

scab detaches

77
Q

which tissue types regenerate poorly?

A

skeletal, cardiac and nervous tissue within brain and spinal cord

78
Q

which tissue types regenerate well?

A

fibrous connective tissue, bone and epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)

79
Q

endocrine system

A

secretes hormones
ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels

80
Q

exocrine system

A

secrete sweat and oil
secretions empty through ducts of the epithelial surface

81
Q

major connective tissue from most rigid to most fluid

A

bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue
blood

Human anatomy and physiology (4 decks)

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