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Human anatomy and physiology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

tissues

A

group cells that are similar in structure and function

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2
Q

all cells have these three main regions

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma/cell membrane

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3
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane

A

barrier for all cell contents
controls what enters and leaves the cell.
double phospholipid layer
contains cell receptors, proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins.

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4
Q

tight junctions

A

bind cells together into leak proof sheets

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5
Q

gap junctions

A

allow for communication between cells

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6
Q

desmosomes

A

anchoring junctions prevent cells from being pulled apart

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7
Q

hydrophilic vs hydrophobic

A

(in plasma membrane) hydrophilic heads - loves water
hydrophobic tails - hate water

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8
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area for absorption

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9
Q

selective permeability

A

let’s some molecules in but not others as a protective measure

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10
Q

passive transport

A

doesn’t require energy
high concentration to low concentration
with the gradient

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11
Q

active transport

A

requires ATP
low to high concentrations
up/against the gradient

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12
Q

cytoplasm

A

cell liquid
located outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane

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13
Q

organelles

A

little organs
metabolic machinery
specific functions throughout the cell

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14
Q

inclusions

A

chemical substances such as stored nutrients and cell products

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15
Q

cytosol

A

fluid that suspends other elements

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16
Q

functions of mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell
change shape continuously
provides ATP for cellular energy
carry out cellular respiration so oxygen is used to break down food

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

sites for protein synthesis
made of protein and RNA
found on rough ER and in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

rough ER vs smooth ER

A

rough ER - studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins
smooth ER - functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

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19
Q

golgi apperatus

A

modifies and packages proteins.
(secretory vesicles, lysosomes, cell membrane components)

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20
Q

lysosomes

A

contains enzymes that digest worn out or unusable materials in the cell
packaged by golgi apparatus and produced by ribosomes

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21
Q

peroxisomes

A

able to detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde
membranous sacs of oxidose enzymes

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22
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides cell with internal framework
network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

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23
Q

what are the three types of elements in the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest?

A

microfilaments (smallest)
intermediate filaments
microtubules (largest)

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24
Q

centrioles

A

rod shaped bodies made of microtubules
direct the formation of miotic spindle during division

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25
Q

cellular projections

A

used for movement

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26
Q

cillia

A

move materials across the cell structure
located in respiratory system to move mucus

27
Q

flagella

A

propel the cell
only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm

28
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cell
contains genetic material (DNA)

29
Q

nuclear envelope/membrane

A

consists of a double membrane
ribosomes migrate through nucleic pores in the cytoplasm

30
Q

nucleoli

A

sites of ribosome assembly
migrate through nucleic pores

31
Q

chromatin

A

thin and stringy
composed of DNA and protein
present when cell is not dividing
condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides

32
Q

interphase

A

cells grow and carry out metabolic processes

33
Q

cell division

A

cell replicates itself

34
Q

what are the stages of cell division in order

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

35
Q

prophase

A

centrioles migrate to the poles to direct the assembly of the miotic spindle fibers
DNA appears as double stranded chromosomes
nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears

36
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align in the center of the cell

37
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled apart on opposite sides of the cell
cells begin to elongate

38
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin
nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin
spindles break down and disappears

39
Q

cytokinesis

A

furrow forms to pinch the cells into two genetically identical daughter cells
begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase

40
Q

genes

A

blueprint for one protein
blueprint for all life

41
Q

fibrous/structural proteins

A

building materials for cells

42
Q

globular/functional

A

act as enzymes, biological catalyst, hormones and antibodies

43
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

44
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosomes for building the protein

45
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

46
Q

what are the steps of protein synthesis?

A
  1. as protein is synthesized on ribosome it migrates into the rough ER cistern
  2. in the cistern the protein folds into its functional shape
  3. protein is packaged in a transport vesicle
  4. transport vesicle travels to golgi apparatus for further processing
47
Q

transcription

A

transfer of information from DNA base sequences to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA

48
Q

translation

A

base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence

49
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture of two or more components

50
Q

solvent

A

dissolving medium; typically water in the body

51
Q

solute

A

components in smaller quantities within a solution

52
Q

intracellular fluid

A

nucleoplasm and cytosol

53
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid on the exterior of the cell

54
Q

diffusion

A

particles tend to distribute evenly within a solution
high to low concentration

55
Q

simple diffusion

A

unassisted process
solutes are lipid soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

56
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water
highly polar water molecules pass easily across the plasma membrane through aquaporins

57
Q

carrier meditated facilitated diffusion

A

protein carrier that is specific for one chemical will bind causing a shape change in the transport process that carries the chemical across the membrane
doesn’t require energy

58
Q

channel meditated facilitated diffusion

A

channel within the protein allows ions and larger molecules to pass through the concentration gradient

59
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient
selective process

60
Q

filtration

A

water and solutes are forced through membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure
pressure gradient must exist so solute containing fluid is pushed through high pressure area to low pressure area
ex: kidneys

61
Q

hypotonic solution

A

low solute high water
cells swell and burst
cytosis
water moves from outside the cell to inside the cell

62
Q

hypertonic solution

A

high solute low water
cells shrink
water moves from inside the cell to outside the cell
(plasmolysis)

63
Q

isotonic solution

A

same level of solute and water
water moves equally in both directions
cell stays the same
(dynamic equilibrium)

Human anatomy and physiology (4 decks)

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