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A&P Unit 2 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue

A

a group of 2 or more cells functioning together for a specific task

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

connective, muscle, epithelial, neural (CMEN)

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue?

A

covering & lining, glandular

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4
Q

T/F: epithelial tissue contains blood vessels

A

False; epithelial tissue is avascular

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5
Q

T/F: epithelial tissue does not need blood supply since it is avascular

A

False; epithelial tissue gets its blood supply from the connective tissue beneath it

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6
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

secretion, absorption, boundaries, excretion, sensory reception, protection, filtration (SABE SPF)

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7
Q

Why is secretion an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

secrete things that go places (glands)

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8
Q

Why is absorption an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

allows things to enter into our bodies

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9
Q

Why are boundaries an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

help to divide/separate internal and external environments

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10
Q

Why is excretion an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

exiting process

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11
Q

Why is sensory reception an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

epithelial tissue can detect stimuli (nervous stimulation)

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12
Q

Why is protection an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

first line of defense against pathogens

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13
Q

Why is filtration an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

only certain things are allowed to cross into the body

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14
Q

What is an apical surface?

A

the upper free surface that is exposed to the external environment

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15
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

the deeper attached surface that is exposed to the underlying layers

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16
Q

What 2 layers make up the basement membrane?

A

basal lamina, reticular lamina

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17
Q

What is the basal lamina made of?

A

a non-cellular sheet of glycoproteins (proteins attached to a carbohydrate) that is anchored to the basement membrane

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18
Q

T/F: the basal lamina does not have cells

A

T; it is acellular

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19
Q

What is the basal lamina’s function?

A

to act as a selective filter between the epithelial and connective tissues

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20
Q

Where is the basal lamina located?

A

immediately deep to to the basal surface layer

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21
Q

Where is the reticular lamina located?

A

immediately deep to the basal lamina layer

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22
Q

What is the reticular lamina comprised of?

A

an extracellular network of collagen fibers

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23
Q

What is the function of the reticular lamina?

A

to provide strength and help things stay together (AKA integrity)

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24
Q

Where are covering & lining epithelial tissues found?

A

across all free surfaces of the body - line the inside of the body and those that are open to the external environment

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25
Q

What are some examples of places that would contain covering & lining epithelial tissues?

A

reproductive tract, esophagus, digestive tract

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26
Q

There are 3 classifications for coverings and lining epithelial tissues. Name them:

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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27
Q

How many cell layers are present in simple epithelial tissue?

A

one

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28
Q

What is the function of a simple epithelial tissue?

A

absorption and filtration

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29
Q

Where can simple epithelial tissue be found?

A

in low friction areas/areas that are not prone to wear and tear (ex: respiratory tract, alveoli in the lungs, etc.)

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30
Q

How many cell layers are present in stratified epithelial tissue?

A

2 or more

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31
Q

What is the function of stratified epithelial tissue?

A

protection

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32
Q

Where can stratified epithelial tissue be found?

A

in high friction areas that experiences lots of wear and tear (ex: soles of feet, hands, anus, lining of vagina, etc.)

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33
Q

How many cell layers are present in pseudostratified epithelial tissue?

A

one, but it appears like there is more - the nuclei don’t line up which gives away that is is pseudostratified epithelial tissue

34
Q

Where can pseudostratified epithelial tissue be found?

A

areas with limited movement (ex: respiratory tract, female reproductive tract, etc.)

35
Q

There are 4 subtypes of epithelial tissue - name them:

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

36
Q

What is transitional epithelial tissue used for?

A

can change shape and become flat to help with storage (ex: a bladder holding urine)

37
Q

What is glandular tissue used for?

A

composes our glands

38
Q

T/F: there are no desmosomes in glandular epithelium

A

True

39
Q

Define glands

A

a cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto surfaces, or into the blood

40
Q

T/F: secretion does not require energy

A

False; secretion requires energy

41
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

exocrine secrete substances either into a duct, or onto a surface, whereas endocrine glands secrete substances directly into the bloodstream

42
Q

Which type of gland contains goblet cells?

A

exocrine glands

43
Q

How many cells comprise a goblet cell?

A

one - they are unicellular

44
Q

What are some examples of exocrine glands?

A

sweat, gallbladder, pancreas, etc.

45
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands?

A

pancreas, thyroid (think of hormones)

46
Q

T/F: parts of the body are limited to only one type of gland

A

False; some places have both exocrine and endocrine glands (ex: pancreas)

47
Q

Exocrine glands can be structurally classified in 2 ways:

A

unicellular vs. multicellular

48
Q

What is the only type of unicellular gland?

A

goblet cells

49
Q

Where can unicellular glands be found?

A

generally located with PCCE, line digestive and respiratory tract

50
Q

Multicellular glands contain _______

A

ducts

51
Q

What are some examples of multicellular glands?

A

mammary, salivary, sebaceous (oil) glands, etc.

52
Q

Exocrine glands can be functionally classified in 2 ways:

A

merocrine glands, holocrine glands

53
Q

Explain how a merocrine gland works

A

cells package the product into a sac and release it into the duct via exocytosis - the cell is not harmed during this process

54
Q

Explain how a holocrine gland works

A

the entire cell enters the duct and lyses in order to release the product inside - cell is destroyed in the process so must continuously replicate these cells

55
Q

What are some examples of merocrine glands?

A

salivary glands, sweat glands, milk production glands, parts of the pancreas, etc.

56
Q

What are some examples of holocrine glands?

A

sebaceous glands

57
Q

What are the 3 layers of embryonic tissue?

A

ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner)

58
Q

What are the 4 classes of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

59
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissue?

A

areolar (loose), dense regular, dense irregular, elastic, reticular, adipose

60
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage connective tissue?

A

hyaline, fibro, elastic

61
Q

What are the 2 types of bone connective tissue?

A

spongy, compact

62
Q

All connective tissues have what 3 structural elements?

A

ground substance, fibers, cells

63
Q

What is a ground substance?

A

a background substance that contains everything; typically composed of interstitial fluids with proteins

64
Q

What 3 fibers can be present in connective tissue?

A

elastic fibers, collagen fibers, reticular fibers

65
Q

What are some examples of types of cells that can be found in connective tissues?

A

osteocytes, chondrocytes, fibrocytes

66
Q

Fibers + Ground Substance = ?

A

extracellular matrix

67
Q

When a muscle contracts, it creates _____ as a by-product

A

heat

68
Q

All muscle cells have:

A

sarcolemma and sarcoplasm

69
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

plasma membrane of a muscle cell?

70
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

71
Q

How many nuclei are present in skeletal muscle?

A

multiple

72
Q

Where is skeletal muscle located?

A

attaches to bone

73
Q

How many nuclei are present in cardiac muscle?

A

one

74
Q

How many nuclei are present in smooth muscle?

A

one

75
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

in the walls of visceral organs (ex: liver, pancreas, intestines, etc.)

76
Q

Neurons make up ___% of nervous tissue

A

50%

77
Q

Neuroglia make up ___% of nervous tissue

A

50%

78
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

to support, protect, and nourish the neurons

79
Q

What is a nickname used to describe neuroglia?

A

“nerve glue”

80
Q

T/F: neuroglia carry the electrical signals

A

False

A&P Unit 2 (6 decks)

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