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A&P Unit 2 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Define tissue

A

a group of 2 or more cells functioning together for a specific task

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

connective, muscle, epithelial, neural (CMEN)

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue?

A

covering & lining, glandular

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4
Q

T/F: epithelial tissue contains blood vessels

A

False; epithelial tissue is avascular

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5
Q

T/F: epithelial tissue does not need blood supply since it is avascular

A

False; epithelial tissue gets its blood supply from the connective tissue beneath it

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6
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

secretion, absorption, boundaries, excretion, sensory reception, protection, filtration (SABE SPF)

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7
Q

Why is secretion an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

secrete things that go places (glands)

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8
Q

Why is absorption an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

allows things to enter into our bodies

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9
Q

Why are boundaries an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

help to divide/separate internal and external environments

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10
Q

Why is excretion an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

exiting process

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11
Q

Why is sensory reception an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

epithelial tissue can detect stimuli (nervous stimulation)

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12
Q

Why is protection an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

first line of defense against pathogens

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13
Q

Why is filtration an important function for epithelial tissue?

A

only certain things are allowed to cross into the body

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14
Q

What is an apical surface?

A

the upper free surface that is exposed to the external environment

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15
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

the deeper attached surface that is exposed to the underlying layers

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16
Q

What 2 layers make up the basement membrane?

A

basal lamina, reticular lamina

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17
Q

What is the basal lamina made of?

A

a non-cellular sheet of glycoproteins (proteins attached to a carbohydrate) that is anchored to the basement membrane

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18
Q

T/F: the basal lamina does not have cells

A

T; it is acellular

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19
Q

What is the basal lamina’s function?

A

to act as a selective filter between the epithelial and connective tissues

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20
Q

Where is the basal lamina located?

A

immediately deep to to the basal surface layer

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21
Q

Where is the reticular lamina located?

A

immediately deep to the basal lamina layer

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22
Q

What is the reticular lamina comprised of?

A

an extracellular network of collagen fibers

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23
Q

What is the function of the reticular lamina?

A

to provide strength and help things stay together (AKA integrity)

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24
Q

Where are covering & lining epithelial tissues found?

A

across all free surfaces of the body - line the inside of the body and those that are open to the external environment

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25
What are some examples of places that would contain covering & lining epithelial tissues?
reproductive tract, esophagus, digestive tract
26
There are 3 classifications for coverings and lining epithelial tissues. Name them:
simple, stratified, pseudostratified
27
How many cell layers are present in simple epithelial tissue?
one
28
What is the function of a simple epithelial tissue?
absorption and filtration
29
Where can simple epithelial tissue be found?
in low friction areas/areas that are not prone to wear and tear (ex: respiratory tract, alveoli in the lungs, etc.)
30
How many cell layers are present in stratified epithelial tissue?
2 or more
31
What is the function of stratified epithelial tissue?
protection
32
Where can stratified epithelial tissue be found?
in high friction areas that experiences lots of wear and tear (ex: soles of feet, hands, anus, lining of vagina, etc.)
33
How many cell layers are present in pseudostratified epithelial tissue?
one, but it appears like there is more - the nuclei don't line up which gives away that is is pseudostratified epithelial tissue
34
Where can pseudostratified epithelial tissue be found?
areas with limited movement (ex: respiratory tract, female reproductive tract, etc.)
35
There are 4 subtypes of epithelial tissue - name them:
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
36
What is transitional epithelial tissue used for?
can change shape and become flat to help with storage (ex: a bladder holding urine)
37
What is glandular tissue used for?
composes our glands
38
T/F: there are no desmosomes in glandular epithelium
True
39
Define glands
a cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto surfaces, or into the blood
40
T/F: secretion does not require energy
False; secretion requires energy
41
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
exocrine secrete substances either into a duct, or onto a surface, whereas endocrine glands secrete substances directly into the bloodstream
42
Which type of gland contains goblet cells?
exocrine glands
43
How many cells comprise a goblet cell?
one - they are unicellular
44
What are some examples of exocrine glands?
sweat, gallbladder, pancreas, etc.
45
What are some examples of endocrine glands?
pancreas, thyroid (think of hormones)
46
T/F: parts of the body are limited to only one type of gland
False; some places have both exocrine and endocrine glands (ex: pancreas)
47
Exocrine glands can be structurally classified in 2 ways:
unicellular vs. multicellular
48
What is the only type of unicellular gland?
goblet cells
49
Where can unicellular glands be found?
generally located with PCCE, line digestive and respiratory tract
50
Multicellular glands contain _______
ducts
51
What are some examples of multicellular glands?
mammary, salivary, sebaceous (oil) glands, etc.
52
Exocrine glands can be functionally classified in 2 ways:
merocrine glands, holocrine glands
53
Explain how a merocrine gland works
cells package the product into a sac and release it into the duct via exocytosis - the cell is not harmed during this process
54
Explain how a holocrine gland works
the entire cell enters the duct and lyses in order to release the product inside - cell is destroyed in the process so must continuously replicate these cells
55
What are some examples of merocrine glands?
salivary glands, sweat glands, milk production glands, parts of the pancreas, etc.
56
What are some examples of holocrine glands?
sebaceous glands
57
What are the 3 layers of embryonic tissue?
ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner)
58
What are the 4 classes of connective tissue?
connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood
59
What are the 6 types of connective tissue?
areolar (loose), dense regular, dense irregular, elastic, reticular, adipose
60
What are the 3 types of cartilage connective tissue?
hyaline, fibro, elastic
61
What are the 2 types of bone connective tissue?
spongy, compact
62
All connective tissues have what 3 structural elements?
ground substance, fibers, cells
63
What is a ground substance?
a background substance that contains everything; typically composed of interstitial fluids with proteins
64
What 3 fibers can be present in connective tissue?
elastic fibers, collagen fibers, reticular fibers
65
What are some examples of types of cells that can be found in connective tissues?
osteocytes, chondrocytes, fibrocytes
66
Fibers + Ground Substance = ?
extracellular matrix
67
When a muscle contracts, it creates _____ as a by-product
heat
68
All muscle cells have:
sarcolemma and sarcoplasm
69
What is the sarcolemma?
plasma membrane of a muscle cell?
70
What is the sarcoplasm?
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
71
How many nuclei are present in skeletal muscle?
multiple
72
Where is skeletal muscle located?
attaches to bone
73
How many nuclei are present in cardiac muscle?
one
74
How many nuclei are present in smooth muscle?
one
75
Where is smooth muscle located?
in the walls of visceral organs (ex: liver, pancreas, intestines, etc.)
76
Neurons make up ___% of nervous tissue
50%
77
Neuroglia make up ___% of nervous tissue
50%
78
What is the function of neuroglia?
to support, protect, and nourish the neurons
79
What is a nickname used to describe neuroglia?
"nerve glue"
80
T/F: neuroglia carry the electrical signals
False

A&P Unit 2 (6 decks)

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