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A&P Unit 2 > Membranes > Flashcards

Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Define a membrane

A

a continuous multicellular sheet composed of at least 2 tissue types

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2
Q

T/F: a membrane is not an organ

A

False; by definition, it is

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3
Q

The majority of membranes are made of which tissue type?

A

epithelial tissue bound to connective tissue

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4
Q

T/F: non-covering and non-lining tissues contain epithelial tissue

A

False; do not have epithelium, only two or more types of connective tissue

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5
Q

Where can a cutaneous membrane be found?

A

on the external surfaces of the body

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6
Q

What is a cutaneous membrane made of?

A

superficial keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to deep dense irregular connective tissue

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7
Q

What is keratin’s role in the cutaneous membrane?

A

provides support and protection

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8
Q

T/F: the upper layer of a cutaneous membrane is dead

A

True

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9
Q

T/F: a cutaneous membrane is a moist membrane

A

False; it is dry

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10
Q

Give an example of a cutaneous membrane

A

epidermis (skin)

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11
Q

Where can a mucous membrane be found?

A

lining the body cavities that are open to the external environment

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12
Q

What types of tissues are found in a mucous membrane?

A

stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium attached to areolar (loose) connective tissue

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13
Q

T/F: a mucous membrane is dry

A

False; it is moist

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14
Q

What are the 2 functions of a mucous membrane?

A

absorption and secretion

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15
Q

What product is secreted by a mucous membrane?

A

mucous - duh!

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16
Q

What are some examples of mucous membranes?

A

reproductive linings, stomach, esophagus, etc.

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17
Q

What tissue types would make up a serous membrane?

A

simple squamous epithelium connected to areolar (loose) connective tissue

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18
Q

Where can serous membranes be found?

A

lining closed cavities

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19
Q

What does a serous membrane secrete?

A

serous fluid

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20
Q

What does hyaluronic acid do in a serous membrane?

A

makes the tissue viscous/slippery which helps to reduce friction

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21
Q

What is the visible appearance of a serous membrane?

A

shiny and moist

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22
Q

What are the 2 layers to a serous membrane?

A

parietal and visceral

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23
Q

What is the pleura related to?

A

belongs to the cavity

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24
Q

What is the visceral related to?

A

belongs to the organ

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25
Q

What is serous fluid?

A

a fluid that is found in-between the pleura and visceral layers

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26
Q

What is the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum associated with?

A

pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavities)

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27
Q

Where would you find a synovial membrane?

A

lines the cavities of joints

28
Q

T/F: a synovial membrane contains epithelial tissue

A

False; does not have epithelial tissue, only connective

29
Q

What product is secreted by a synovial membrane?

A

synovial fluid

30
Q

What are 2 functions of synovial fluid?

A

cushion and lubrication

31
Q

Why is cushion an important function of the synovial fluid?

A

prevents bones from digging into each other as you move

32
Q

Why is lubrication an important function of the synovial fluid?

A

allows the joints to pass over each other without friction

33
Q

What are 3 tissue-related defenses?

A

mechanical barriers, cilia, and chemical barriers

34
Q

What is a mechanical barrier?

A

skin and mucous barriers that prevent things from getting in or out of our bodies

35
Q

What is cilia?

A

help in movement and trapping things to remove them out of the body

36
Q

Where are cilia found?

A

in the lungs, respiratory tract (trachea), etc.

37
Q

What are chemical barriers?

A

secreted acids that destroy pathogens and toxins

38
Q

Where can chemical barriers be found?

A

the stomach, vaginal lining

39
Q

What is activated if chemical barriers are breached?

A

the immune system

40
Q

What is the first thing to happen with the immune system is activated?

A

a nonspecific inflammatory response (immune response)

41
Q

What happens if the inflammatory response is breached?

A

the immune system kicks in (specific response)

42
Q

What is the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?

A

regeneration replaces damaged tissue with the same tissue, while fibrosis replaces damaged tissue with a different tissue (leaves a scar)

43
Q

What is a keloid?

A

a scar that is replaced by too much tissue

44
Q

What are the 3 steps to tissue repair?

A

inflammation –> organization –> regeneration/fibrosis

45
Q

What are 4 signs of inflammation?

A

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

46
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

capillary dilation of the blood vessels

47
Q

What are the 6 steps that occur during inflammatory events?

A

1.) chemicals are released by injured cells
2.) the chemicals attract macrophages and WBCs (mast cells)
3.) capillaries dilate and become leaky
4.) WBCs and plasma fluids leak into the area
5.) clotting proteins form a clot
6.) a scab forms

48
Q

Why is it significant that the capillaries dilate and become leaky during an inflammatory event?

A

the bigger holes in the capillaries means that WBCs and plasma can come through (which are important later)

49
Q

What are 3 reasons clotting is important in an inflammatory event?

A

stops blood flow, keeps the edges of a wound in place, stops entry of foreign substances

50
Q

What are the 5 steps present in organization events?

A

1.) blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue
2.) new capillary is established and blood supply is restored
3.) fibroblasts close margin of wound
4.) macrophages digest the clot
5.) collagen fibers are deposited

51
Q

What is granulation tissue full of? Why is this important?

A

collagen and proteins –> stitches things together

52
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

release growth factors and collagen which help to close up the wound

53
Q

What are 4 factors that regulate/affect tissue repair?

A

nutrition/diet, vitamins, circulation, age

54
Q

Why is nutrition/diet important in regulating tissue repair?

A

protein is important for repair, lipids are important for plasma membranes

55
Q

Why are vitamins important in regulating tissue repair?

A

function as coenzymes

56
Q

Why is circulation important in regulating tissue repair?

A

deliver nutrients, oxygen, and other substances to the injured site

57
Q

Why is age important in regulating tissue repair?

A

as we age, it takes longer to heal

58
Q

What is Vitamin A’s function in tissue repair?

A

regeneration of epithelial tissue

59
Q

What is Vitamin B’s function in tissue repair?

A

development of heart and nervous tissue

60
Q

What is Vitamin C’s function in tissue repair?

A

development of blood and connective tissue

61
Q

What is Vitamin D’s function in tissue repair?

A

growth and repair of bone tissue

62
Q

What is Vitamin E’s function in tissue repair?

A

prevents scarring, promotes regeneration, reduces fibrosis

63
Q

What is Vitamin K’s function in tissue repair?

A

assists in blood clotting and circulation

64
Q

T/F: epithelial tissue comes from all 3 embryonic layers

A

True

65
Q

What embryonic germ layer does mucosae and epithelium come from?

A

the endoderm

66
Q

What embryonic germ layer does muscle, connective tissue, and epithelium tissue come from?

A

the mesoderm

67
Q

What embryonic germ layer does cutaneous, nervous, and epithelium come from?

A

the ectoderm

A&P Unit 2 (6 decks)

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