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A&P Unit 2 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Define organ system

A

a group of 2 or more organs working together for a specific function/task

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2
Q

The integumentary system consists of 2 groups:

A

skin, and skin derivatives

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3
Q

What are the 4 skin derivatives?

A

hair, nails, glands, and sensory receptors

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4
Q

What are the 2 skin regions?

A

epidermis and dermis

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5
Q

What tissue type is found in the epidermis?

A

epithelial tissue

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6
Q

T/F: the epidermis is vascularized

A

False - avascular

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7
Q

What is the function of epidermis tissue?

A

protection

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8
Q

What type of tissue is found in dermis tissue?

A

fibrous connective tissue

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9
Q

T/F: the dermis is vascularized

A

True

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10
Q

What is the function of dermis tissue?

A

support, nourishment

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11
Q

T/F: the hypodermis is not considered a part of the skin portion

A

True

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12
Q

Where is the hypodermis located?

A

below the dermis

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13
Q

What type of tissue is found in the hypodermis?

A

mostly adipose tissue

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14
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

protective covering of the muscle

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15
Q

T/F: hypodermis thickens as you age

A

True; adipose cells grow in size with increased lipid concentration

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of cells found in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans’s cells, Merkel cells/discs

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17
Q

T/F: keratinocytes make up the majority of the epidermis

A

True

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18
Q

Where did keratinocytes get their name?

A

they undergo keratinization

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19
Q

Describe the 4 steps of keratinization:

A

1.) produce protein called keratin
2.) keratin accumulates upward
3.) cells die
4.) dead cells are sloughed off

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20
Q

Why are keratinocytes important to the epidermis?

A

offer epidermal protection

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21
Q

T/F: melanocytes make up majority of the epidermis

A

False; make up small portion

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22
Q

How do melanocytes work?

A

stimulation causes them to produce the skin pigment melanin which gives skin its darkness

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23
Q

Pigment works as a _________ _____________

A

defense mechanism

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24
Q

Melanocytes are affected by:

A

genetics and sunlight/UV

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25
Q

What are Langerhan’s cells?

A

a derivative of bone marrow

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26
Q

What do Langerhan’s cells help to do?

A

prevent things from entering the skin

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27
Q

Where are Langerhan’s cells active?

A

the immune system

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28
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

at the dermal - epidermis border, but on the epidermal side

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29
Q

What do Merkel cells help to do?

A

act as a sensory cell which detects light touch

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30
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis (thin skin)?

A

stratum basale, stratus spinosum, stratus grandulosum, and stratus corneum

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31
Q

How many cell layers and living or dead for stratum basale?

A

1; living

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32
Q

How many cell layers and living or dead for stratum spinosum?

A

several; living

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33
Q

How many cell layers and living or dead for stratum gradulosum?

A

3 - 5; living

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34
Q

How many cell layers and living or dead for stratum corneum?

A

20 - 30; dead

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35
Q

Where is the stratum basale located in the epidermis?

A

bottom/deepest layer

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36
Q

What do the cells in the stratum basale do?

A

lots of germination/reproduction

37
Q

Where is the stratum spinosum located in the epidermis?

A

in-between the stratum basale and the stratum grandulosum

38
Q

What is a nickname for the stratum spinosum?

A

“prickly” layer

39
Q

Why does the stratum spinosum appear “prickly?”

A

the cells in this layer are connected in a web-like system of intermediate filaments and desmosomes; when cells die, they shrivel up and leave the desmosomes behind, giving it a “prickly” appearance

40
Q

Where is the stratum granulosum found in the epidermal layer?

A

in-between the stratum spinosum and the stratum corneum

41
Q

What is another name for the stratum granulosum?

A

the grandular layer - it granules inside the cells

42
Q

What are the 2 types of granules present inside the stratum granulosum?

A

keratohyalin granules and lamellated granules

43
Q

What do keratohyalin granules contain?

A

keratin

44
Q

What do lamellated granules contain?

A

glycolipids (help to “waterproof” the skin)

45
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermal (thick skin)

A

stratum basale, stratus spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

46
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

a clear layer found only in very thick skin composed of dead cells

47
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular

48
Q

Where is the papillary layer of the dermis found?

A

top layer of the dermis that connects to the irregularities of the epidermis (irregularity keeps two tissues from separating)

49
Q

What is the function of the papillary layer?

A

thermoregulation and nourishment

50
Q

Where is the reticular layer located?

A

deep/below the the papillary layer

51
Q

What type of tissue makes up the reticular tissue of the dermis?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

52
Q

What embryonic layers do the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis come from?

A

epidermis (ectoderm), dermis (mesoderm), hypodermis (mesoderm)

53
Q

Where does skin color come from? Why are different races different colors?

A

comes from a combination of different pigments; different ratios of the pigments result in racial differences

54
Q

What are the 3 pigment types found in skin?

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

55
Q

Where in the skin is melanin found?

A

the epidermal layer

56
Q

Where does melanin come from?

A

produced by melanocytes

57
Q

What causes melanocytes to produce melanin?

A

UV exposure

58
Q

What is tyrosincase?

A

an enzyme whose presence increases with increase in UV radiation exposure - leads to higher production of melanin in the skin

59
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

prevents rays of sun from being able to penetrate as easily by accumulating and dividing quickly - therefore tanning is a defense mechanism to keep the sun from damaging cells of active tissue

60
Q

Where is the carotene pigment found?

A

the dermal layer

61
Q

What color does the carotene pigment give off?

A

yellow/orange appearance

62
Q

Where is the hemoglobin pigment found?

A

the dermal layer; specifically in the blood/capillaries of the dermis

63
Q

What color does the hemoglobin pigment give off?

A

pinkish

64
Q

What are the 2 types of surface features?

A

ridges and grooves

65
Q

Where are ridges found on the body?

A

the fingers and toes

66
Q

What layer of the skin are the ridges found in?

A

the dermal layer, but cause superficial layers in the epidermis

67
Q

What is the function of ridges?

A

to provide extra grip or friction to grab onto things

68
Q

T/F: ridges are unique to each person

A

True

69
Q

What are grooves?

A

diamond-like shapes on the skin with many intersections; hair grows at these intersections

70
Q

What is the explanation for why we have grooves “apparently?”

A

we were covered in scales

71
Q

What do sudoriferous glands produce?

A

produce sweat

72
Q

What are 4 types of sudoriferous glands?

A

eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, mammary

73
Q

T/F: there are not many eccrine glands found on our body

A

False; eccrine glands cover most of the body

74
Q

How long do eccrine glands function in our body?

A

a lifetime

75
Q

What is the function of an eccrine gland?

A

body temperature regulation

76
Q

Does an eccrine gland function as a holocrine gland or a merocrine gland?

A

merocrine gland

77
Q

Where are apocrine glands located? Give some examples

A

in the high friction areas of our bodies; armpits, groin

78
Q

What is the function of apocrine glands?

A

prevent friction

79
Q

How long do apocrine glands function in the body?

A

start functioning after puberty

80
Q

Why does sweat smell?

A

the secretion itself is odorless, but is a food source for bacteria, which then produce the odor

81
Q

What is a ceruminous gland? What does it secrete? What is its function?

A

a modified apocrine gland that secretes cerumen (wax); the wax helps to trap things from getting into the ears and protects the hearing membranes from loud noises

82
Q

How long do ceruminous glands function in the body?

A

a lifetime

83
Q

What is a mammary gland? What does it secrete? What is its function?

A

a modified apocrine gland that secretes milk (rich in proteins and fats); used for babies after birth

84
Q

How long do mammary glands function?

A

not continuously-functioning - must be stimulated

85
Q

T/F: a sebaceous gland is a type of sudoriferous gland

A

False; it is a separate type of gland in and of itself

86
Q

What is secreted by a sebaceous gland? What is its function?

A

sebum (an oil/lipid); prevents water loss in the hair, softens and lubricates the hair, and can kill certain bacteria

87
Q

T/F: sebaceous glands function as merocrine glands

A

True

88
Q

Why are sebaceous glands and acne related?

A

sebaceous glands respond to hormonal secretions (testosterone)

A&P Unit 2 (6 decks)

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