Joints

Question 1

Define articulation

Answer 1

point of contact between bones or between bones and cartilage

Question 2

What is functional classification of joints based on?

Answer 2

based on the amount of movement that can occur at a joint

Question 3

What are the 3 ways to classify joints functionally?

Answer 3

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses

Question 4

What is a synarthroses joint? Give an example

Answer 4

a joint that is so tight, it is immovable; sutures in the skull

Question 5

What is an amphiarthroses joint? Give an example

Answer 5

a joint that is typically not very flexible, but can sometimes be flexible for a short amount of time; the joint in the pelvis that expands when a woman is pregnant

Question 6

What is a diarthroses joint? Give an example

Answer 6

a joint that is freely moveable; elbow, knee, neck, etc.

Question 7

What is structural classification of joints based on?

Answer 7

based on type of connective tissue present and whether or not there is a joint cavity

Question 8

What are the 3 ways to classify joints structurally?

Answer 8

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 9

What does a fibrous classification mean? What are examples?

Answer 9

no joint cavity; fibrous connective tissue; sutures, peg and socket joints, syndesmoses

Question 10

What is a syndesmoses joint?

Answer 10

a joint connected by a ligament

Question 11

What does a cartilaginous classification mean? What are some examples?

Answer 11

no joint cavity; cartilage holds joint together; synchondroses, symphyses

Question 12

What is a synchondroses joint?

Answer 12

hyaline cartilage

Question 13

What is a symphyses joint?

Answer 13

fibrocartilage

Question 14

What does a synovial classification mean? What are some examples?

Answer 14

have a joint cavity; knee

Question 15

What is located inside of joint cavity?

Answer 15

synovial fluid

Question 16

What are 4 elements that make up the articular (joint) cavity?

Answer 16

fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments, menisci

Question 17

What is a fibrous capsule? What type of tissue is it made of?

Answer 17

made of dense irregular tissue and is the tissue around both bones that connects to form the actually joint cavity

Question 18

What is a synovial membrane? What type of tissue is it made of?

Answer 18

areolar (loose) connective tissue; contains the blood vessels responsible for leaking synovial fluid into the joint cavity

Question 19

How are ligaments different from tendons?

Answer 19

ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone

Question 20

What do ligaments do for a joint?

Answer 20

strengthen it

Question 21

What are menisci?

Answer 21

an extra layer of protection/cushion found in some bones that experience lots of stress/carry lots of weight

Question 22

There are 2 things that can actually reduce friction between joints. What are they?

Answer 22

bursae and tendon sheath

Question 23

What is a bursae?

Answer 23

a fluid-filled sac (synovial fluid) that provides extra cushion/prevents friction

Question 24

What is a tendon sheath?

Answer 24

a bursae that wraps around/surrounds a tendon to cushion it/prevent friction

Question 25

There are 3 factors that limit friction. What are they?

Answer 25

structural limit, ligaments, muscle tone

Question 26

What is a structural limit?

Answer 26

when movement is restricted because of the body getting in the way of the body; 2 types: non-boney parts (muscles, etc.) and boney parts (bone)

Question 27

How can a ligament limit movement?

Answer 27

2 ways: the number of ligaments can restrict movement, or the tension of a ligament can restrict movement

Question 28

What is muscle tone and how does it limit movement?

Answer 28

muscles are never fully contracted or at rest - the greater the concentration, the more limited the movement will be

Question 29

There are 4 major categories of movement. What are they?

Answer 29

gliding, angular, rotation, and special

Question 30

What is gliding?

Answer 30

just as it sounds - glides back and forth, only in one direction; simplest movement

Question 31

What is angular movement? What are the subcategories of angular movement?

Answer 31

any movement that changes the angle between 2 bones; flexion, extension, hypertension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Question 32

What is rotational movement? What are the subcategories of rotational movement?

Answer 32

movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis; medial and lateral

Question 33

What are the types of special movement?

Answer 33

inversion, exversion, protraction, retraction, supination, pronation, elevation, depression, opposition

Question 34

There are 6 types of synovial joints; what are they?

Answer 34

gliding (plane), hinge, pivot, condyloid (ellipsoidal), saddle, ball and socket

Question 35

What is bursitis?

Answer 35

inflammation of the bursae (sac filled with synovial fluid that helps to cushion/prevent friction)

Question 36

What are 3 types of arthritis?

Answer 36

osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis