Joints Flashcards
Define articulation
point of contact between bones or between bones and cartilage
What is functional classification of joints based on?
based on the amount of movement that can occur at a joint
What are the 3 ways to classify joints functionally?
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
What is a synarthroses joint? Give an example
a joint that is so tight, it is immovable; sutures in the skull
What is an amphiarthroses joint? Give an example
a joint that is typically not very flexible, but can sometimes be flexible for a short amount of time; the joint in the pelvis that expands when a woman is pregnant
What is a diarthroses joint? Give an example
a joint that is freely moveable; elbow, knee, neck, etc.
What is structural classification of joints based on?
based on type of connective tissue present and whether or not there is a joint cavity
What are the 3 ways to classify joints structurally?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What does a fibrous classification mean? What are examples?
no joint cavity; fibrous connective tissue; sutures, peg and socket joints, syndesmoses
What is a syndesmoses joint?
a joint connected by a ligament
What does a cartilaginous classification mean? What are some examples?
no joint cavity; cartilage holds joint together; synchondroses, symphyses
What is a synchondroses joint?
hyaline cartilage
What is a symphyses joint?
fibrocartilage
What does a synovial classification mean? What are some examples?
have a joint cavity; knee
What is located inside of joint cavity?
synovial fluid
What are 4 elements that make up the articular (joint) cavity?
fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments, menisci
What is a fibrous capsule? What type of tissue is it made of?
made of dense irregular tissue and is the tissue around both bones that connects to form the actually joint cavity
What is a synovial membrane? What type of tissue is it made of?
areolar (loose) connective tissue; contains the blood vessels responsible for leaking synovial fluid into the joint cavity
How are ligaments different from tendons?
ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone
What do ligaments do for a joint?
strengthen it
What are menisci?
an extra layer of protection/cushion found in some bones that experience lots of stress/carry lots of weight
There are 2 things that can actually reduce friction between joints. What are they?
bursae and tendon sheath
What is a bursae?
a fluid-filled sac (synovial fluid) that provides extra cushion/prevents friction
What is a tendon sheath?
a bursae that wraps around/surrounds a tendon to cushion it/prevent friction
There are 3 factors that limit friction. What are they?
structural limit, ligaments, muscle tone
What is a structural limit?
when movement is restricted because of the body getting in the way of the body; 2 types: non-boney parts (muscles, etc.) and boney parts (bone)
How can a ligament limit movement?
2 ways: the number of ligaments can restrict movement, or the tension of a ligament can restrict movement
What is muscle tone and how does it limit movement?
muscles are never fully contracted or at rest - the greater the concentration, the more limited the movement will be
There are 4 major categories of movement. What are they?
gliding, angular, rotation, and special
What is gliding?
just as it sounds - glides back and forth, only in one direction; simplest movement
What is angular movement? What are the subcategories of angular movement?
any movement that changes the angle between 2 bones; flexion, extension, hypertension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
What is rotational movement? What are the subcategories of rotational movement?
movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis; medial and lateral
What are the types of special movement?
inversion, exversion, protraction, retraction, supination, pronation, elevation, depression, opposition
There are 6 types of synovial joints; what are they?
gliding (plane), hinge, pivot, condyloid (ellipsoidal), saddle, ball and socket
What is bursitis?
inflammation of the bursae (sac filled with synovial fluid that helps to cushion/prevent friction)
What are 3 types of arthritis?
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
