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Anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A

Rich in cells (tightly bound together) with junctional complexes
Found on surface and lie on a basement membrane

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2
Q

Give functions of epithelia tissues

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Diffusion
  • Forms glands - secretion
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3
Q

Describe connective tissue/spaces

A

Few cells which are apart from each other.
Spaces filled with fibres + ground substance + fluid = making the ECM

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4
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Connects and supports. ECM defines structural and functional properties

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5
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A

Elongated thin cells - cytoplasm packed with contractile apparatus.

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6
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Describe nerve tissue and its shape

A

Angular-shaped neurons, with prominent nucleoli. Surround small support (satellite) cells

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8
Q

Describe the function of nerve tissues

A

Recieve, generate and transmit electrical signals —> integrate information

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9
Q

How can we classify the different types of epithelium (3)

A
  1. shape of surface layer of cells - squamous, cuboidal, columnar
  2. Number of layers - simple (1 layer), stratified (more than 1)
  3. Cell surface specialisations - cilia, villi, microvilli, keratin
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10
Q

Give the location and function of simple epithelium

A

Inside body due to fragile nature: lining of body cavities, blood, lymph vessels, ducts, heart and lungs.
Being thin layer allows for faster: absorption, secretion and filtration

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11
Q

Give the location and function of stratified epithelium

A

Skin, oesophagus and secretory - glands

Function mostly protective, withstasnding abraision

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12
Q

What is the function and location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Secretion and movement

Found in trachea

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13
Q

Functiona and location of transitional epithelium

A

Permeability barreir, stretchability
Urinary tract

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14
Q

What are some cell surface specialisations of epithelial cells?

A

Cilia - respiratory system and the movement of particles
Microvilli - GIT and inc SA for absorption (brush border)

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15
Q

Give the main types/classifications of connective tissue

A
  1. Loose CT - areolar, adipose
  2. Dense CT - dense irregular and dense regular
  3. Specialised CT - cartilage, bone, blood
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16
Q

Explain Loose (areolar) CT

A

Aggregation of loosely arrranged fibres and may cells of differing types
Primary location beneath epithelia that cover surfaces or line tubes/cavities
Initial site of defence against bacteria so many trasnsient cell types migrate to loose CT from local blood vessels

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17
Q

Describe Adipose tissue

A

Specialised Loose CT with abundant fat storing adipocytes
Single large dropled ot lipid pushes nucleus to one side and flattens cytoplasm to a thin rim. Has a rich blood supply.

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18
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

Found mostly in CT under skin for insulation and around organs for protection - also to some extent an energy store

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19
Q

Different fat (adipose tissue) colours

A

White fat - adult
Brown Fat - foetal

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20
Q

Explain dense irregular CT

A

Thick collagen fibres ruinning in all directions
Can withstand tension exerted in many directions and provides structural strength
Found on dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of organs and joints

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21
Q

Explain dense regular CT

A

Closely packed collagen fibers all running in the same direction and poorly vascularized.
Function: attach muscle to bone/ bone to muscle ad can withstand great tensile stress when a pulling force is applied in one direction
Location: tendons and ligaments

22
Q

What makes up connective tissue

A

Cells + ECM

23
Q

Explain the ECM in detail

A
  • Fibres - collagen, elastic, reticular
  • Ground substance (jelly-like) - carb linked to protein (e.g. hyalronic acid - joints)
  • Tissue fluid - liquid
24
Q

3 types of fibres in CT

A

Collagen, elastic and reticular

25
Q

What cells are found in CT?

A

Fixed/resident cells:
* Fibroblasts (synthesise the ECM and collagen)
* Macrophages
* Adipocytes
* Mast cells
* undifferentiated cells

Transient cells:
* WBC (migrate to tissue from bloodsteam in response to damage/infection)

26
Q

Give the 3 types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal muscle: Striated (highly ordered arrangement of contractile protiens acin and myosin)
  2. Cardiac muscle: Striated, branched (less highly ordered arrangement of contractile proteins)
  3. Smooth muscle: Non-striated, smooth (randomly ordered arrangement of contractile proteins
27
Q

Where can each type of muscle tissue be found?

A

Skeletal: attaches to skeleton voluntary
Cardiac: found in heart involuntary
Smooth: found in organs involuntary

28
Q

Regions of the neuron

A

Cell body (soma), dendrites, axon, terminals

29
Q

Function of a nerve cell (neuron)

A

Plasma membrane:
- generation (nerve impulses/action potential)
- Conduction to farthest points of cell

30
Q

Give an overview of glands

A

Mostly invaginations from epithelium into underlying CT = secretory epithelial cells. Can be one cell or multicellular

31
Q

Give examples of unicellular and multicellular glands

A

Unicellular - goblet cells of trachea
Multicellular - exocrine acini of pancreas, follicles of thyroid gland

32
Q

Define Exocrine glands

A

remain in contact with epithelium by ducts, secrete into lumen of tubes

33
Q

Define endocrine glands

A

Loose contact with epithelium, ductless, secrete into blood vessels

34
Q

How are exocrine glands classified

A
  1. Number of cells
  2. shape
  3. type of secretion
35
Q

Exocrine glands - number of cells

A

Unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular (acini)

36
Q

Exocrine glands - shape

A

Simple (tubular and Acinar) or Compound (tubuloacinar)

37
Q

Exocrine glands - type of secretion

A
  • Mucous secreting glands: secretion rich in proteoglycans, with secretion + water giving mucus. Are pale staining, have peripheral flattened nuclei (e.g. mucous glands of trachea)
  • Serous secreting glands: Watery, enzymes, with protien rich secretion. Are dark staining and rounded, with more central nuclei (e.g. exocrine part of pancreas).
38
Q

3 mechanisma of exocrine secretion

A
  1. Merocrine secretion (diffuse): sweat glands
  2. Apocrine secretion (break off): mammary glands
    3.Holocrine secretion (burst): sebaceous glands
39
Q

What are myoepithelial cells

A

Have contractile functions and help in expelling secretions from the lumen of gland secretory units (acini)

40
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Collective term for support cells and its associated ECM

41
Q

What is the function of each connective tissue determined by

A

The types of support cells and the compostion of the ECM

42
Q

What type of dense CT can form sheets

A

Dense regular

43
Q

Goblet cells

A

type of intestinal mucosal epithelial cell (columnar epithelium), the primary function of goblet cells is to synthesize and secrete mucus

44
Q

What else can lie in the ECM

A

Supporting cells, secreting the ground substance which forms the ECM. Specialised cells inc fibroblasts/adipocytes/osteoblasts.

45
Q

Where are collagen fibres found?

A

mostly found in** connective tissue** (obviously) such as cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, and skin.

46
Q

Where are elastic fibres found?

A

various joints, and in the fibrous perichondria of hyaline and fibrous cartilages - also in outer fibrous layer of periosteum

47
Q

Where are reticular fibres found?

A

supporting mesh in soft tissues such as liver, bone marrow, and the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system.

48
Q

Where can nerve cells be found

A

brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia, and the cells of muscles and glands throughout the body.

49
Q

Describe function of ECM, Fibres and cellular components of CT

A
  • ECM - proveds scaffolding/attachements for neaby cells and allows communciation between cells
  • Fibres - supports, protects, and holds tissues (e.g. bone/muscle/organs) in place
  • Cellular - (fibroblasts) synthesise the collagen and ground substance of the extracellular matrix
50
Q

glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

A

known as mucopolysaccharides, are negatively-charged polysaccharide compounds. They are composed of repeating disaccharide units that are present in every mammalian tissue.Their functions within the body are widespread and determined by their molecular structure

51
Q

Histology of Tissues

A

See sheet

52
Q

4 main classifications of Connective Tissue

A
  • Loose - areolar, adipose
  • Dense Regular
  • Dense Irregular
  • Specialised - cartilage, bone, blood

Anatomy (9 decks)

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