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Anatomy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bones (4)

A
  1. Weight bearing/support
  2. Protection
  3. Mineral store
  4. Blood formation (red bone marrow)
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2
Q

5 Types of Bone + example

A
  1. Flat bone - skull bones
  2. Long bone - femur
  3. Short bone - carpal (wrist)
  4. Irregular bone - vertebra
  5. Sesamoid bone - patella
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3
Q

Function of sesamoid bones

A

releave tension within muscles and tendons, protecting them from wear and tear

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4
Q

2 types of bone

A
  • Compact/cortical bone
  • Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone
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5
Q

Basic anatomy of bones

A

Blood vessels, medullary cavity, bone marrow, membranes (periosteum, endosteum) - see sheet

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6
Q

Explain the structure of compact bone

A

Osteons/haversian systems - compact bone organised in circular structures, with Cental Hacersian canals and horizontal perforating/Volkmann’s canals. Also with osteocytes (bone cells like ants) and concentric rings of mone matrix (lamallae) around haverian canal. - see sheet

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7
Q

What are canaliculi

A

small canals where osteons are connected

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8
Q

Describe the structure of spogny bone

A
  • less dense than compact bone
  • Poreous with a network of lamellated trabeculae filled with bone marrow
  • Orientation of trabeculae (struts) reflects main directions of mechanical forces
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9
Q

What is the growth plate called/made from

A

Epiphyseal plate - made from hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

What is bone in general composed of?

A

Is a CT so:
* Cells - osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes
* ECM - 45% Minerals (hydroxypatite crystals = complex from of calcium phosphate), 35% collagen type 1, 20% water

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11
Q

How do the minerals in bone afffect it?

A

Makes it stiff and able to support structures, with a high strength under compression

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12
Q

How does collagen in bone affect it?

A

Gives it some flexibility, reducing the risk of fracture. Has high strength under tension

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13
Q

Explain red bone marrow

A

Forms all the Blood cells with the exeption of lymphocytes (produced in the marrow and reach maturation in lymphoid organs)

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14
Q

Explain yellow bone marrow

A

Primarily a storehouse for fats but can be converted to RBM under certain conditions (e.g. severe blood loss/fever)

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15
Q

Where is a balance found in bones

A

Between bone removal and formation (turnover/remoddling)
Constant process in adults and children and occurs in healthy bone

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16
Q

Briefly describe general principle of bone remoddelling

A

Bone —> osteoclasts break down old bone —> osteoblasts build new bone —> new bone

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17
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Large multinucleated cells derived from haematopoietic stem cells (like macrophages)

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18
Q

Where are osteoclasts found and what is their function

A
  • Found: bone surface
  • Function: resorb bone matrix (ruffled boarder releases acid to dissolve bone M) - bone resorbing cells
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19
Q

Whate are osteoblasts?

A

Immature bone cells created from osteopregenitor cells in periosteum and endisteum

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20
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts

A

Produce bone matrix (unmineralised matrix = osteoid) and initiate calcification (turn into proper bone)

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21
Q

What do osteoblasts finally do?

A

Become osteocytes once surrounded by matrix (burry themselves alive)

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22
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

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23
Q

Where are osteocytes found

A

Inside lacunae (holes) in bone matrix - cells lie in canaliculi (connects lacunae to each other, allowing communication between cells)

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24
Q

Function of osteocytes

A

Unsure - may maintain bone matrix and sense mechanical forces

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25
Q

What is the structure of the ECM like in bones

A

Minerals, protein (collagen) and water:
- modified type 1 collagen fibres which are strongly cross linked and with large gaps within fibres (gaps give space for hydroxyapatite crystals)

26
Q

What is the collagen fibre orientation of the ECM linked to

A

Mechanical forces

27
Q

What are 3 common disorders of bone remodelling and how can they present

Probs not examanible

A
  1. Osteoporosis: resorption>formation - fractures common
  2. Pagent’s disease: ^resorption/formation - loss of hearing?
  3. Osteopetrosis: dec resorption - short stature
28
Q

What can affect bone mass

A

Ageing, genes, environment (e.g. smoking), gender

29
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

A matrix material called osteoid, a gelatinous substance made up of collagen (a fibrous P), mucopolysaccharide (organic glue)

30
Q

Ossification

A

Process of bone formation

31
Q

Most common type of bone growth often in long bones

A

Endochondral ossification

32
Q

What is the lesser common type of bone growth and where does it occur?

A

Intramembranous ossification - flat bones of skull, mandible, maxilla, also long bones

33
Q

How are most bones formed in terms of bone growth

A

By a combination of both types

34
Q

Explain endochrondral ossification

A
  1. Bone forms as cartilage model first
  2. Blood vessels invade cartilage
  3. Cartilage replaced with bone
  4. Cartilage remains in epiphysial growth plate
  5. growth plate eventually ossifies
35
Q

So where does endochondral ossification occur

A

epiphyseal(/metaphysial?) growth plates

36
Q

Summarise endochondral (long bone) ossification in 4 words

A

Bones form within cartilage

37
Q

How does intramembranous (flat bone) ossification work

A

Mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts (found in periosteum and endosteum) that start depositing bone. Residual mesenchymal cells develop blood vessels and bone marrow. This bone formation also occurs in adult bones

38
Q

What does each type of ossification give ries to (in terms of types of bone growth)

A

Endochndral ossification - interstitial growth
Inramembranous ossification - appositional growth

39
Q

Where does the epiphysial plate lie

A

between epiphyses and metaphyses - growth of long bones occurs here

40
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Upper and lower limbs which inc shoulder and hip girdle

41
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones on long axid of body - skull, spine, ribcage and sacrum

42
Q

What are limb girdles

A

Limb girdles surround and support the proximal ends of the limb bones and provide a point of attachment for the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton.

43
Q

Epiphysis

A

rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s).

44
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

45
Q

What lies between epipysis and diaphysis

A

Metaphysis - wide portion of long bone and includes epiphyseal growth plate

46
Q

Difference between condyle and epicondyle

A
  • Condyles more round-shaped than epicondyles
  • Condyle is smooth and large, whereas epicondyle is rough and small
  • Condyle articulates with a bone, but epicondyle provides a surface for muscle and ligament attachment
47
Q

Where does intersititial bone growth occur

(endochondral ossification)

A

periosteum

Think wrong: ans is epithelial growth plate

48
Q

What does bone form the supporting tissue for

A

Haemopoiesis - production of blood cells and platelets (in bone marrow)

49
Q

What does bone continously undergo

A

A continous process of renewal

50
Q

What are osteocytes derived from

A

Differentiation of osteoblasts

51
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from

A

the haemopoietic lineage

52
Q

What are osteoblasts derived from

A

The mesenchymal lineage

53
Q

key regions - see other anatomy flashcards for more

A

Cranial
Thorax
Abdomen
(Pelvis)
Upper Extremities (limbs)
Lower Extremities (limbs)

54
Q

What are girdles

A

wo more or less complete bony rings at the anterior and posterior ends of the vertebrate trunk supporting the arms and legs respectively

55
Q

2 girdles

A
  1. Shoulder girdle
  2. Pelvic girdle
56
Q

what makes up the shoulder girdle

A

The shoulder girdle is composed of the clavicle and the scapula, which articulates with the proximal humerus of the upper limb.

57
Q

what makes up the pelvic girdle

A

The pelvic girdle, as I said above, is made up of three fused bones: the ischium, the ilium, and the pubis. The pubis forms the anterior part of the pelvic girdle. It is a flattened, irregular-shaped bone that articulates with the pubic symphysis, a cartilaginous joint.

58
Q

What is a condyle

A

large prominence in a bone, which often provides structural support to the overlying hyaline cartilage. It bears the brunt of the force exerted from the joint.

59
Q

What does it mean for a condyle (e.g. bottom of femur) to be lateral/medial

A
  • Lateral = on outside
  • Medial = on inside
60
Q

What is a epicondyle

A

a protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone, especially either of the two at the elbow end of the humerus.

61
Q

Difference between condyle and epicondyle

A

Condyle is the smooth surface area at the end of a bone that forms part of a joint. The epicondyle is a rounded protuberance at the end of a bone, serving as a place of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

62
Q

what are condyles lined with

A

hyaline cartilage

Anatomy (9 decks)

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