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Anatomy > Muscles and Nerves > Flashcards

Muscles and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Function of muscles

A
  • Movement
  • Static support
  • Heat production
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2
Q

Give the 3 types of muscle and briefly describe each

A
  • Skeletal: straitions and voluntary
  • Cardiac: Involuntary
  • Smooth: involuntary and “thinner”
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3
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle moving inwards

A
  • Tendon - attaches muscle to bone
  • Epimysium: out CT layer
  • Perimysium: CT layer eround bundles (fasclicles) of muscle fibres
  • Endomysium: Ct layer that covers each muscle fibre

Also have blood vessels

see diagram

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4
Q

How do we normally classify skeletal muscles

A

Fascicle direction:
Bipenate/unipenate/multipenate

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5
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Flat sheet of tendon with wide are a of attachment

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6
Q

Feature of multipenate muscle

A

Packs more fibres in the same volume = denser and more powerful

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7
Q

Tendons

Give some general facts

A
  • Dense fibrous CT
  • does not shorten
  • can alter force direction
  • some muscles share common tendons
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8
Q

How do muscles act

A

By passing over a joint, they will act on that joint (can be more than one joint)

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9
Q

What can some muscles have in terms of action

A

More than 1: e.g. shoulder (deltoid) can do flexion, extension and adduction

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10
Q

Do all muscles have “traditional” controls (e.g. movement)

A

No: some maintain posture (erector spinae) and oppose gravity

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11
Q

What do muscles often work in?

A

Pairs: with flexors and extensors woring in opposition
agonist and antagonist

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12
Q

give examples of muscle compartements in the arm and forearm

A
  • Arm: flexor (bicep anterior) and extensor (tricep posterior)
  • Forearm: flexor-pronator and extensor-supinator
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13
Q

What are muscles of the same compartment usually innervated by

A

The same nerve (e.g. rafial nerve supplies all extensors in the upper limb)

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14
Q

What are the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system

A
  • Structural: CNS and PNS
  • Functional: somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
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15
Q

nerve structure

A

see sheet/diagram

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16
Q

How many spinal nerves do we have and expalin numbering of them

A
  • 31 pairs in 5 regions
  • Named after associated vertebrae, with C1 spinal nerve existin gbetween skull and atlas
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17
Q

What can catch you out when naming spinal nerves

A

C1-7 vertebrae but C1-8 nerves

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18
Q

What is a nerve plexus

A

network

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19
Q

Where do plexus exist

A

In nerves supplying upper and lower limbs originate in these plexuses

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20
Q

Ramus

A

branch

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21
Q

What can roots, spinal nerves and rami be in terms of sensory or motor neurons?

A
  • Roots: sensory or motor
  • Spinal nerves: sensory and motor
  • Rami: sensory and motor
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22
Q

What can only 1 neurone supply

A

Multiple muscle fibres (attach at neuromuscluar junction)

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23
Q

Where do we find sensory and motor fibres in spine

A
  • sensory: dorsal side
  • Motor: ventral side
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24
Q

Somatic pathway

A

1 long axon and no synapsing so goes directly: CNS —> muscle

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25
Q

What pathway do reflex arcs use

A

Somatic: don’t need to go up to brain though

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26
Q

Motor fibre synamsing of Autonomic pathway

A

CNS—>Ganglion—>muscle

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27
Q

What do myotomes and dermatomes show

A

Area supplied by a single spinal nerve - used clinically to test for lesions at specific levels of the spinal cord

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28
Q

Cuaneous nerve maps

A

Areas supplied by same cutaneus nerve (skin) - can be combination of fibres from different spinal nerves because of plexuses

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29
Q

4 types of neuroglial cell found in CNS

A
  • Astrocytes
  • microglial cells
  • ependymal cells
  • oligodentrocytes
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30
Q

What is myelin

(biochemistry)

A

Lipid and protein substance

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31
Q

What secretes myelin

A
  • Schwann cells in PNS
  • Oligodendrocytes in CNS
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32
Q

What does the myelin sheath do (function)?

A

Ince velocity of impulse conduction (insulation)

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33
Q

How are peripheral nerves resiliant

A

Protected by 3 layers of connective tissue coverings

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34
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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35
Q

Myotome

A

Part of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve

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36
Q

What may 1 muscle myotome involve

A

multiple spinal segments

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37
Q

What is the clinical relevance of dermatome and myotome

A

useful to test motor or sensory loss of one/more spinal nerves/segments by testing joint movements or an area of skin in neurological disorders

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38
Q

What is a motor end plate

A

aka n-m junction: specialised chemical synapses formed at the sites where the terminal branches of the axon of a motor neuron contact a target muscle cell.

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39
Q

How can we differentiate between a peripheral nerve and CNS grey matter

(histology)

A

Peripheral nerve: axons/fascicles

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40
Q

How can the nervous system be divided

In terms of the parts of the body it reaches

A
  • Somatic: motor (voluntary; skeletal muscle) and sensory (pain/touch/proprioception/temp etc. skin) - muscles/skin
  • Visceral: motor (involuntary - autonomic NS) and sensory (chemoreception, stretch reception, organs) - organs
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41
Q

What is the fuunction of the somatic nervous system (what do somatic sensory and motor fibres do?

A
  • Somatic motor fibres regulate voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles
  • Somatic sensory fibres transmit general sensation (pain/touch…) to the CNS.
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42
Q

anatomy of spinal nerve

A

see sheet

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43
Q

What does the anterior root control

(ventral root)

A

Motor

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44
Q

What does the posterior root control

dorsal

A

Sensory information

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45
Q

What does the spinal nerve itself control

A

Both motor and sensory

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46
Q

What do the Rami control

(both ventral and dorsal)

A

Both motor and sensory loss

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47
Q

What would happen if the ventral ramus was damaged

A

Motor and sensory loss of anterolateral trunk and limbs

(front and side)

48
Q

What would happen if the dorsal ramus was damaged

A

motor and sensory loss of the back

49
Q

What kind of fibres do spinal nerves also carry

A

sumpathetic fibres

50
Q

What are nerve plexuses and what are their functions

A

Bundles of nerves that form a plexus communicate information to your brain about pain, temperature, and pressure. These nerve plexuses also send messages from the brain to the muscles, allowing for movement to occur.

51
Q

What does the spinal neve run through?

A

Intervertebral foramen in adacent vertebrae

52
Q

What is the somatic reflex action

Breif summary

A

An involuntary motor response:
* sensory detection (stimulus)
* Interpretation of sensory input in the CNS
* Motor response

53
Q

What does the radial nerve supply

A

back of arm (extensors of elbow) and forearm (extensor of wrist) muscles

54
Q

Peripheral nerve injury

A

Damage to lower motor neurone cell bodies on their peripherl axons results in paralysis or weaness of the affected muscles

55
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

muscles that present within the rib cage. Consist of three layers of muscles external, internal, and innermost layer they combine to fill the space between the ribs.

56
Q

What compartments can muscles be divided into

A

Flexor and extensor compartemnts
(in arm, have anterior flexors and posterior extensors)

57
Q

What is the innervation like for muscles of the same compartment

A

Usually supplied by same nerve (e.g. radial nerve supplies all extensor muscles in the upper limb)

58
Q

How do flexor and extensor muscles work?

A

In pairs: agonists and antagonists (one contracts and other slackens)

59
Q

Which nerves innervate which parts of the upper arm?

A
  • Flexors (anterior): musculocutaneous nerve
  • Extensors (posterior): Radial nerve
60
Q

How many joints can muscles cross

A

Multiple (usually 1/2/3 but could be more)

61
Q

Flexors of the upper arm

(anterior)

A
  • Biceps brachii
  • Brachialis
  • Coracobrachialis
62
Q

Extensors of the upper arm

posterior

A

Triceps brachii

63
Q

What functions can muscles have other than agonist/antagonist

give examples

A
  • Fixator (stabiliser e.g. Deltoid)
  • Synergist (augment action of agonist e.g. brachialis)
64
Q

Give the forarm muscle compartments and which nerves innervate them

A
  • Flexors and pronators (anterior) - 8 muscles - median and ulnar nerves
  • Extensors and supinators (posterior) - 10 muscles - radial nerve
    (Brachioradialis - posterior - causes flexion of forearm at elbow)
65
Q

Explain the gluteal muscles (movements/names/innervation)

A

Actions on hip joint
* G.maximus - extension
* G.medius and minimus - abduction

Sciatic nerve

see sheet for diagram

66
Q

Explain the muscles of the thigh

(names/compartments/innervation/function)

A
  • Anterior: Quadriceps (4 muscles join to make 1 tendon) - Extension - Femoral nerve
  • Posterior - Hamstrings - flexion - sciatic nerve
  • Medial - Adductors - obturator nerve
67
Q

Explain the leg muscles

(compartments/names/innervation/function)

A
  • Anteroir - dorsiflexors and control dorsiflexion
  • Posterior - plantarflexors and controol plantarflexion
  • Lateral - Evertors which evert/invert the foot

All innervated by the sciatic nerve

68
Q

What are the fucntions of the intrinsic muscles of the hand and foot

A
  • Hand: precision (forarm muscles for strength)
  • Foot: support walking and maintain arches of the foot
69
Q

what are the upper/more medial and lower/more lateral muscle attachements described to as

A
  • Upper/medial - proximal/superior - origin
  • Lower/lateral - distal/inferior - insertion
70
Q

What attaches muscles to bone

A

Tendoes - fibrous, dense-regular connective tissue embedded into the periosteum of bone

71
Q

Flat tendon

name and example

A

Aponeurosis - abdominal oblique muscles (flat, thin and broad)

72
Q

What do muscles do on bones

A

Pull: either flex or extend the joint

73
Q

What joints do the biceps brachii cross

A
  • Glenohumeral - shoulder
  • Elbow joint
  • Radial-ulnar joint
74
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii at the upper and lower joints?

A
  • Upper - flexion
  • Lower - flexion

Also supinate forearm

75
Q

Which joints does the triceps brachii cross

A

shpoulder and elbow joints

76
Q

What action does contraction of the triceps brachii have on the upper and lower joints

A
  • Upper - extension (and adduction)
  • Lower - extension at elbow

extension at elbow is main function

77
Q

What muscles cross the median sagittal plane from one side of the body to the other (attach to bones either side of the midline of the body)

A

Diaphragm - ususally have main tendon situated in centre of muscle

78
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts

A

Contracts downwards so it decends

domes move inferiorly on contraction

79
Q

What action does the diaphragm contracting have

A

Increased area of throatic cavity so lungs fill with air

80
Q

Describe the deltoid muscle and the different fibres it has, as well as their functions

A

muscle has anterior, middle and posterior fibres that can “pull” on the shoulder joint in different directions:
* flexion (anterior fibres)
* extension (posterior fibres)
* abduction (middle fibres)

81
Q

Synergists

A

(help) perform the same set of joint motions as the agonist. Stabilize muscle movements to keep them even, and control the movement so that it falls within a range of motion which is safe and desired.

Another muscle, besides the agonist, that assists a particular movement of a joint.

82
Q

Fixor/stabilising muscles

definition and example

A

stabilize the joint to which they are attached such that the joint can move efficiently without risk of dislocation. Ex: rotator cuff muscles around the shoulder joint.

83
Q

How can we compartmentalise muscles

3

A
  1. Intermuscuar fascial septa
  2. Common nerves
  3. Common actions
84
Q

Intermuscuar fascial septa

A

Partion muscles into compartements (e.g. fascial compartemnts inc. anterior fascial compartment of upper arm and posterior fascial compartment).

85
Q

What are all arm/forearm muscle compartments innervated from

A

nerve network (plexus) located in the axilla - the brachial plexus

86
Q

What are all thigh/leg muscle compartments innervated from

A

Nerve network in abdomen and pelvis - lumbosacral plexus

87
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate from

A

Spinal nerve roots C5 - T1

88
Q

Where does the lumbosacral plexus originate from

A

posterior abdomen and pelvis: spinal nerve roots L1 - S4

89
Q

3 layers of oblique muscle fibre directions

A

Approx. 90 degrees - inc strength and integrity

90
Q

Direction rectus abdominis fibres travel

A

vertically

91
Q

How many heads do biceps, triceps and quadriceps have?

A
  • bi -2
  • tri - 3
  • Quad - 4
92
Q

What shape is the diaphragm

A

dome-shaped

93
Q

sphincter

A

Muscle fibres are arranged circularly and thickened around the wall of a structure, usually a tube. When the fibres contract, they close off the internal diameter of the tube - mostly smooth muscle but some skeletal (e.g. external anal sphincter)

94
Q

Appendicular and axial muscles

A
  • Appendicular - attach only to the limbs, or attaching the limbs to the trunk - innervated by limb nerve plexuses
  • Axial - Attach only to trunk of body - innervated by other (non-limb) plexus or segmentally
95
Q

Motor unit

A

combination of an individual motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

96
Q

In somatic nerves, where do the sensory and motor nerve roots exit the spinal cord from

A
  • Sensory - dorasl/posterior
  • Motor - ventral/anterior
97
Q

Summarise functions of main parts of spinal nerve

A

the dorsal root carries sensory (afferent) fibres only; the ventral root carries motor (efferent) fibres only; the mixed spinal nerve and the dorsal and ventral rami carry both motor and sensory fibres

98
Q

What does each mixed spinal nerve divide into

A

ventral ramus and a dorsal ramus with each ramus going to the body wall of the trunk (i.e., supplying skeletal muscles, cartilage, bones and skin)

99
Q

What does the dorsal ramus do at each spinal level

A

passes posteriorly to segmentally (=repetition of an individual spinal nerve down the trunk) supplies the main muscle of the back – the erector spinae muscle – and the skin that overlying it – with sensory and motor fibres.

100
Q

What does the ventral ramus do at each spinal level

A

passes laterally and then forward to segmentally innervate the muscles of the anterolateral thoracic (intercostal muscles) and abdominal walls (oblique muscles and rectus abdominis), and the skin overlying these muscles

101
Q

Where are the cutaneous nerves and dermatomes exactly the same and why

A

Tthorax and abdomen - cutaneous nerves supplying skin are single spinal nerve (so same as dermatome)

102
Q

Is there overlay between adjacent cutaneous nerves

A

Yes

103
Q

Dermatome T2

A

Sternum

104
Q

Dermatome T4

A

Nipples

105
Q

Dermatome T10

A

Belly button - umbilicus

106
Q

Dermatome L1

A

Pelvic: lower back, around hips, then dipping down to groin

107
Q

Why do dermatomes for thoracic trunk jump from C4 to T2 across the sternomanubrial joint

A

Dermatomes C5-T1 diverted to upper limb

108
Q

What is the endoneurium

A

Layer of delicate CT around the myelin sheath of each nerve fibre

109
Q

What is the perineurium

A

Each fascicle (bundle of fibres) lies within its own protective sheath called

110
Q

What is the epineurium

A

In sufficiently large nerves multiple fascicles, each with its blood supply and fatty tissue, may be bundled within yet another sheath

111
Q

Summarise the CT that surrounds each part of a nerve

A
  1. individual axon - Endoneurium
  2. Nerve fascicle - Perineurium
  3. Nerve - Epineurium
112
Q

Types of neurons

(in terms of physical features)

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, psuedounipolar

Multipolar most common

113
Q

What do individual muscles within a fascicle often have in common

A

Same nerve supply

114
Q

What may a structural deficit in a nerve/spinal nerve cause

A

functional loss of muscle group and
pathology

115
Q

What are the limbs supplied by

somatic/sympathetic/parasympathetic

A

Somatic and sympathetic

Not P as only inc blood flow in S, no “resting state” - tone

116
Q

what movement does the lateral compartment of the leg control

A

eversion (and plantarflexion)

117
Q

Key defining feature of cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated discs
(small black lines)
Hold adjacent cells tightly together and allow coordinated function of heart cells

Anatomy (9 decks)

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