tissues Flashcards
collections of specialized cells and extracellular
substances surrounding them
tissues
microscopic study of tissues
histology
covers and protects surfaces both inside and outside the body
epithelial tissue
consists of a single layer of cells with each cell
extending from the basement membrane to the free
surface
simple epithelium
consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the
basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the
basement membrane
stratified epithelium
special type of simple epithelium; pseudo- means
“false,” so this type appears to be stratified but is
not. it consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells
attached to the basement membrane
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
cells are flat or scalelike
squamous
cells are cube-shaped
cuboidal
cells tend to be taller than they are wide
columnar
roughly cuboidal to columnar when
not stretched and squamous like
when stretched
transitional
ducts are lined with epithelium
exocrine glands
composed of many cells
multicellular glands
single duct
simple
ducts that branch
compound
secretory regions shaped as tubules
tubular
shaped in saclike structures
acinar/alveolar
products are released, but no actual cellular
material is lost
merocrine secretion
secretory products are released as fragments of
the gland cells, retained within the cell and are
pinched of to become part of the secretion
apocrine secretion
involves the shedding of entire cells; products
accumulate in the cytoplasm of each epithelial
cell, the cell ruptures and dies, and the entire cell
becomes part of the secretion; used by the
sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin
holocrine secretion
has no ducts and has has extensive blood cells
endocrine glands
cellular products of endocrine glands which
are secreted into the bloodstream throughout the body
hormones
connecting tissues to one another
connective tissues
forms in the embryo during third and fourth weeks of
development from the mesoderm and neural crest cells; all adult tissue types develop from it
mesenchyme
help support the umbilical cord blood vessels
between the mother and the child
mucous connective tissue
loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which is associated
Areolar connective tissue
packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred
Adipose connective tissue
able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the
direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and stretch resistance
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band, with strength in the direction of fiber orientation
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
it is a type of supporting connective tissue that is composed of chondrocytes and provides support
cartilage
the most abundant type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
somewhat flexible and capable of
withstanding considerable pressure
fibrocartilage
provides rigidity with even more flexibility than
hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape
elastic cartilage
hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix
bone
acts as a scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone
spongy bone
provides great strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily punctured
compact bone
transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products and others
blood
produces new blood cells
bone marrow
moves the body; it is under voluntary control
skeletal muscle
pumps the blood; is under involuntary control
cardiac muscle
regulates size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls amount of light entering the eye, it is involuntary
smooth muscle
also called nerve cells; conducting cells of the
tissue with three major parts
neurons
contains the nucleus and is the site of
general cell functions
cell body
usually receive the action potentials; shorter than axons and have multiple branches
dendrites
conducts action potentials away from the cell body; longer than dendrites
axon
the response that occurs
when tissues are damaged
inflammation
mobilizes the body’s defenses, isolates, destroys,
microorganisms, and other injurious agents, and
removes foreign materials and damaged cells, so
that tissue repair can proceed
inflammatory response
new cells are the same type as
those that were destroyed, and normal function is
usually restored
regeneration
new type of tissue develops, which
eventually produces a scar and causes the loss of
some tissue function
replacement
continue to divide throughout life
labile cells
do not divide after growth ceases, but they
retain the ability to divide and are capable of regeneration in response to injury
stable cells
have a very limited ability to replicate
and, if killed, are usually replaced by a different type of cell
permanent cells
line cavities that open to the outside and
often contain mucous glands, which secrete mucus
mucous membrane
line cavities that do not open to the
exterior and do not contain glands but do secrete serous fluid
serous membrane
formed by connective tissues, line joint
cavities, and secretes a lubricating fluid
synovial membrane
