intro to human anatomy and physiology Flashcards
investigates the body’s structure and the relationship between the body part and its function
anatomy
studied system by system, i.e.,
cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, etc.
systemic anatomy
study of the external form of the body
and its relation to deeper structures
surface anatomy
uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
anatomical imaging
scientific investigation of the processes or functions
of living things
physiology
study of a specific organism
human physiology
examines processes in cells
cellular physiology
deals with organ system function
systemic physiology
this level of organization involves interactions between atoms that combine to form molecules, such as water, sugar, fats, and proteins
chemical level
this level of organization refers to the molecules combining to form organelles, small structures that make up cells
cell level
this level of organization is composed of a group of similar cells and this level is classified into four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
tissue level
this level of organization is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more functions.
organ
this level of organization refers to the group of organs that perform a common function and are viewed as a unit
organ system
this level of organization refers to any living thing considered as a whole; it is a complex organ of organ systems, all mutually dependent on one another
organism
refers to the interrelationships among the parts of
an organism and how those parts interact to
perform specific functions
organization
the ability to use energy to perform vital function
metabolism
an organism’s ability to sense changes in its
external or internal environment and how it adjusts
to those changes
responsiveness
an increase in the number of cells, which produces
an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism
growth
includes the changes an organism undergoes
through time from fertilization to death
development
change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
differentiation
change in the shape of
tissues, organs, and the entire organism
morphogenesis
formation of new cells or new organisms
reproduction
regulates temperature
integumentary system
removes foreign substances from the blood and
lymph
lymphatic system
provides protection and support
skeletal system
performs chemical and mechanical digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste
digestive system
produces body movements
muscular system
major regulatory system that detects sensations and
controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
nervous system
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air and regulates blood pH
respiratory system
major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
endocrine system
transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
cardiovascular system
removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
urinary system
site of fertilization and fetal development
female reproductive system
produces and transfers sperm cells to female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behavior
male reproductive system
refers to the existence and maintenance of a
relatively constant environment within the body
homeostasis
it means “to decrease. it does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range
negative feedback
initial stimulus further stimulates the response
positive feedback
monitors the value of a variable, such as body
temperatures by detecting stimuli
receptor
determines the set point for the variable and receives the input from the receptor
control center
can change the value of the variable when directed by the control center
effector
a changed variable
stimulus
refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
anatomical position
lying face upward
supine
lying face downward
prone
runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portions
sagittal plane
sagittal plane that passes through the
midline of the body
median plane
runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse plane
runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal plane
a cut through the long axis of the organ
longitudinal section
a cut at right angles to the long axis
transverse section
a cut made across the long axis at
other than a right angle
oblique section
surrounded by the rib cage while the muscular
diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity
thoracic cavity
median partition of the right and left
thoracic cavity
mediastinum
enclosed by the abdominal muscles
abdominal cavity
encased by the pelvic bones
pelvic cavity
refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities that are
not physically separated
abdominopelvic cavity
covers the organ
visceral serous membrane
represents an outer wall
parietal serous membrane
space between the visceral and parietal that is
normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes
cavity
surrounds the heart
pericardial cavity
line the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the outer surface of the parietal pericardium, and superior surface of the diaphragm
pleural cavity
a serous membrane-lined cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
anchor the organs to the body wall and provides a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach
the organs
mesenteries
organs that are more closely attached to the body
wall and do not have mesenteries
retroperitoneal
inflammation of the pericardium
pericarditis
inflammation of the pleura
pleurisy
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
inflammation of the appendix that is
usually caused by bacterial infection
appendicitis
