Tissue test Flashcards
5 functions
Support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production
Support
Bones provide a framework for the support of the body
Protection
Bones protect internal organs
Movement
Bones allow for movement through the contraction of attached muscle tissue.
Storage
Bones provide storage calcium and minerals
Blood cell production
Hematopoiesis creates red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Osteoclasts
Break down the bone tissue
Osteoblasts
Create bone tissue
Axial skeleton
Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Skull
Cranium, facial bones
Vertebral column
Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
Thoracic cage
Ribs,sternum
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle, upper limba, pelvic girdle, lower limba
Pectoral girdle
Scapula, clavical
Upper limba
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvic girdle
Two coxa
Lower limba
Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
Long bones
Long longitudinal axis and extended ends
Short bones
Cuboidal; sides are all roughly equal
Flat bones
Plate like with broad surface
Irregular bones
Variety of shape
Sesamoid bone
Roundish; embedded in tendons
Osseous tissue
Bone tissue. Consists of hard calcium and mineral compounds and collagen fibers.
Diaphysis
Central shaft
Epiphysis
Expanded ends
Medullary cavity
Central cavity of the diaphysis, where yellow marrow is found.
Compact bone
Solid bone found in the diaphysis of long bones and surface of the epiphysis, covering the spongy bone.
Spongy bone
Porous bone in the epiphysis of the long bone. Where red marrow is found and the red blood cells are produced.
Articulating cartilage
Protective covering over the articulating ends of long bones.
Periosteum
Outer covering of bones. Provides attachment for ligaments and tendons and functions in formation and repair of bone.
Endosteum
Thin membrane containing bone-forming cells. Lines the medullary cavity and the spaces of the spongy bone.
Collagen fibers
Strong, flexible fibers like those of tendons and ligaments.
Osteocytes
Bone cell (mature osteoblasts)
Lacunae
Small pockets where osteocytes are found.
Canaliculi
“Little canals” Passageways through which cellular processes can pass nutrients and waste from cell to cell.
Lamellae
Sheets of calcified matrix that surround the osteon. The lacunae are found in between the lamellae.
Matrix
Fibers and ground substance that surround cells.
Ground substance
Material that can vary in consistency from liquid to solid. Provided a way to transfer material between the blood supply and cells.
Osteon
Basic functional unit of compact bone.
Central canal
Central of the osteon which contains blood vessels and nerves.
Perforating canals
Canals that run perpendicular to the central canals, they also contain blood and nerves.
Spongy bone
Has no osteon, the lamellae form rods called trabeculae.
Trabeculae
Rods that branch frequently forming the extensive open networks of spongy bone.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that under go the normal functions of cells, transferring nutrients and waste to and from nearby cells.
Osteoclasts
Clasts = break.
Giant multinucleated cells that secrete and acid to dissolve the bony matrix, osteocytes.
Osteoblasts
Blast= builds
They are responsible for osteogenesis
Osteogenesis
The formation of the new bone.
Ossification
The replacement of the other tissues with osseous tissue.
IntraMembranous ossification
Bone with sheets or membrane, like connective tissue.
Ossification center
Where ossification begins
Endochondral ossification
Osseous tissue replaces an existing cartilage model.
Primary ossification center
Wher the tissue begins to form
Joints
where bones come together
Synovial joints
Lots of movement
Gliding joints
relativity flat articular surfaces that slide across one another
Bones of the wrist and ankle
Pivot Joints
Rotaion only
between atlas & axis
Ball and Socket
Shoulder and hip
Condyloid joints
where the phalanges articulate with the metacarpals and metatarsals
Hinge Joints
angular movement in a singular plate
elbow, knee, fingers
Saddle joint
Each articulating face is concave in one axis and convex in the other
Where the metacarpals and carpalals at the proximal end of the thumb
Cartilaginous
slight movement
ribs and vertebrae
Fibrous joint
immovable joints
joints of the skull
flexion
movement in the anterior posterior plane that reduces the angke of a joint.
Extension
increases the angle of the joint
dorsiflexion
bringing the toes closer to the shin
Plantar flexion
bringijng the toes farther from the shin
Hyperextension
extension continues part the anatomical postion
abduction
moving away from the midline of the body
adduction
moving toward the midline of the body
rotation
moving around and axis
Circumduction
moving the end in a circular path.
