Tissue Prep Flashcards
study of normal tissues and its arrangement inside the body; does not have any history or current disease
Histology
study and diagnosis of disease through surgically removed tissues
pathology
preparation of tissue samples; analyzing if benign or malignant
histopathology
most crucial part in preparing tissues
labeling
prevent tissue from degradation
fixation
most common fixative used in the laboratory (buffered isotonic solution of 37% formaldehyde)
formalin
submerging of samples into different containers containing increasing concentration of ethylene alcohol; prevent shrinkage of the sample
dehydration
removal of excess alcohol from dehydration using a normal saline solution
clearing
putting of melted paraffin or candle wax into the sample through setting the oven into 52-60 degrees celsius
infiltration
hardening the paraffin wax at room temperature
embedding
involves the use of microtome
trimming
used to cut tissues into slices until we reach the specific thickness
microtome
1 micrometer in diameter of tissue
electron microscope
3-10 micrometer in diameter of tissue
light microscope
allows clearer visibility of the shape, presence of keratin/microvilli/cilia
staining
most commonly used stain for tissue preparation
hematoxylin and eosin
initial reaction of cell when exposed to stress from its environment
adapt
if the cell was not able to tolerate the stress the result would be?
cell injury
if the cell overcomes the cell injury there will be?
reversible changes
in case the cell was not able to overcome the cell injury the result would be?
cell death/apoptosis
give 5 causes of cell injury
oxygen deprivation, physical agents, chemical agents and drugs, infectious agents, immunologic reactions
allows the cell to revert to its normal functional and morphologic features after removal of damaging stimula
patterns of reversible cell injury
influx of ions due to failure of energy-dependent ion pumps; first manifestation of cellular injury
cellular swelling
seen in cells dependent on fat metabolism
fatty change
unprogrammed cell death
necrosis
programmed cell death
apoptosis
enlarged cell size, disrupted plasma membrane, enzymatic digestion, cellular contents may leak out of cell; pathologic
necrosis
reduced cell size, intact plasma membrane, intact cellular contents, often physiologic and may be pathologic
apoptosis
causes include hypoxia/ischema, radiation, and other injurious agents; decrease atp and increase reactive oxygen species
mitochondria (necrosis)
causes include ros and other injurious agents; cellular membrane will have damage to lysosomal membranes and plasma membrane
cellular membrane (necrosis)
causes include radiation and mutations; cell cycle arrest
nucleus (apoptosis)
increase in cell size
hypertrophy
increase number of cells
hyperplasia
decrease in cell size
atrophy
myometrial hypertrophy in gravid uterus
physiologic hypertrophy
muscle of bodybuilders
physiologic hypertrophy
left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease
pathologic hypertrophy
pubertal breast changes (hormonal)
physiologic hyperplasia
liver regeneration
physiologic hyperplasia
endometrial hyperplasia
pathologic hyperplasia
embryonic atrophy
physiologic atrophy
senile atrophy of brain
pathologic atrophy
cancer cachexia
pathologic atrophy
in chronic smokers the epithelium of their lung changes; can cause cancer
metaplasia
