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bio 210 > tissue notes > Flashcards

tissue notes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the five characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A

1.Cellularity – Cells fit closely together to form membranes and are bound together by specialized junctions

2.Polarity – a free surface, called the apical surface, is always present

3.Attached to the basement membrane and supported by connective tissue

4.Avascular – contains no blood supply, with the exception of glandular epithelium

5.High regenerative ability

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2
Q

what are the five functions of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Absorption
  3. Filtration
  4. Excretion
  5. Secretion
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3
Q

what are the 5 classifications of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Simple – Single layer of cells
  2. Stratified – Multiple layers of cells
  3. Squamous – flat, irregular cells
  4. Columnar – Elongated cells with nucleus located at basal end of cell
  5. Cuboidal – square-shaped cells with large round nuclei
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4
Q

how many categories are there for the epithelium tissues?

A

8

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5
Q

describe Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

a. Single layer of flattened, irregularly shaped cells with disc-shaped central nuclei

b. Functions include allowing easy passage of substances by diffusion and filtration when protection is not as important

c. Located in kidney corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Also lines the ventral body cavity

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6
Q

describe simple cuboidal epithelium tissue

A

a. Single layer of cube-like cells with large, round centrally located nuclei

b. Functions include secretion and absorption

c. Located in the kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands and ovarian surface

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7
Q

describe a simple columnar epithelium

A

a. Single layer of elongated cells with elongated nuclei located near the basal end of the cell. May contain cilia and goblet cells

b. Functions include absorption, secretion of enzymes, mucous and other substances; ciliated variety helps propel materials, including mucous and egg cells, through passageways.

c. Non-ciliated type found lining the digestive tract, gall bladder and ducts of some glands. Ciliated type can be found in small bronchi and lining the fallopian tubes.

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8
Q

describe a pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

a. Single layer of cells of differing heights, with some cells not reaching the free (apical) surface. Nuclei present are at different locations throughout the cells. They may contain goblet cells and cilia.

b. Functions include secretion and propulsion of mucous with the aid of cilia.

c. Ciliated variety located lining the trachea and most of the respiratory tract. Non-ciliated type can be found lining sperm-carrying ducts.

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9
Q

describe a stratified squamous epithelium tissue

A

a.Multiple layers of flat, irregularly shaped cells. They may be keratinized.

b.Functions include protecting underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

c. Non-keratinized type found in the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, vagina and anus. Keratinized type found in the epidermis of the skin.

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10
Q

describe a stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue

A

a.Usually consists of only two layers of cuboidal cells.

b.Major function is in protection.

c.Found in the large ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands.

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11
Q

describe a stratified columnar epithelium tissue

A

a.Several layers of elongated cells with basally located nuclei.

b.Functions in protection and secretion.

c.Rare in the human body. Small amounts can be found in the male urethra and in some of the larger ducts of glands.

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12
Q

describe a transitional epithelium tissue

A

a.Has the look of both stratified squamous epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium.

b.Functions in stretching in the urinary organs when those structures are filling with urine.

c.Found lining the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra.

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13
Q

what are the eight epithelium tissues?

A

transitional epithelium
stratified columnar epithelium
stratified cuboidal epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of connective tissue ?

A

1.It is has a rich blood supply, with a few exceptions, notably cartilage and tendons/ligaments.

2.Unlike epithelium, connective tissue is composed of many types of cells.

3.All connective tissue has some sort of ground substance associated with it.

4.Connective tissue also has fibers associated with it.
a. elastic fibers
b. reticular fibers
c. collagen fibers

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15
Q

what are the 3 functions of connective tissue?

A

protection
support
binding together other tissues of the body

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16
Q

how many classifications of connective tissue are there?

A

6

17
Q

what are the 6 classifications of connective tissue?

A

embryonic connective tissue

loose connective tissue proper
*areolar connective tissue
*adipose tissue
*reticular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue proper
*dense irregular connective tissue
*dense regular connective tissue

Cartilage
*hyaline cartilage
*Elastic Cartlidge
*fibrocartlidge

Bone

Blood

18
Q

describe embryonic connective tissue

A

a.Called mesenchyme, it is has a gel-like ground substance containing fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells.

b. It gives rise to all connective tissues in the adult.

c. Located primarily in the embryo.

19
Q

describe areolar connective tissue

A
  1. Contains all three fiber types in a gel-like matrix.
  2. Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells.
  3. Functions include wrapping and cushioning organs, phagocytosis of bacteria and conveying of tissue fluids.
  4. Found in large amounts under epithelial tissue and surrounding organs and capillaries.

A loose connective tissue

20
Q

describe a adipose tissue

A
  1. Closely packed adipose (fat) cells with the nucleus pushed to the side.
  2. Functions to provide insulation against heat loss, supporting and protecting organs and serves as a reserve fuel source.
  3. Located throughout the body, such as under the skin, around organs such as the kidneys and eyeballs and in the abdomen and breasts.
21
Q

describe a reticular connective tissue

A
  1. Reticular fibers in a loose ground substance with reticular cells present.
  2. Functions to form a soft internal “skeleton” (stroma) used to support other cell types.
  3. Located in lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen.
22
Q

describe a dense irregular connective tissue

A
  1. Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers present. The primary cell present is the fibroblast.
  2. Functions in providing structural support because of its ability to withstand great amount of tension (tensile strength).
  3. Found in the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the intestinal tract and the fibrous capsules of organs and joints.
23
Q

describe a dense regular connective tissue

A
  1. Primarily parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers present. The primary cell is the fibroblast. Attaches muscles to bones or muscles to muscles and also attaches bones to bones.
  2. Exhibits tensile strength when it is pulled in one direction.
  3. Located in tendons and ligaments.
  4. Cartilage
24
Q

describe hyaline cartlidge

A
  1. Firm but amorphous ground substance with collagen fibers forming an imperceptible meshwork. Chondroblasts produce the matrix and when they are mature (called chondrocytes), they lie within lacunae in the cartilage.
  2. Functions to provide support and reinforcement with resilient cushioning properties and also has high compressive strength.
  3. Found in most all of the embryonic skeleton, covering the ends of long bones, costal cartilages and the cartilage of the nose, trachea and larynx.
25
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A
  1. Has the same basic structure as hyaline cartilage, but has many more elastic fibers present.
  2. Functions to help maintain the shape of a structure but also remain flexible.
  3. Located in the external ear and epiglottis.
26
Q

describe fibrocartlidge

A
  1. Similar matrix to hyaline cartilage, but less firm. Thick collagen fibers are the most predominant type.
  2. Functions to provide tensile strength but also has great compressive strength to withstand compressive shock.
  3. Located in the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of the knee joint.
27
Q

describe bone

A

a. Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers (osseous tissue). It is highly vascular and the primary mature cell is the osteocyte.

b. Supports and protects structures of the body and also provides and anchoring and lever system for muscle function. Bone also provides calcium and other mineral stores and the marrow of some bones produces blood cells (hematopoiesis).

c. Located in all bones of the skeletal system.

28
Q

describe blood

A

a. Cells consist of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes) in a ground substance of plasma.

b. Functions to transport gases, nutrients, hormones, etc. throughout the body.

c. Found in blood vessels of the cardiovascular system and other areas of blood storage in the body.

29
Q

what are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Elasticity
  3. Extensibility
  4. Contractility
30
Q

what are the functions of muscle tissue ?

A
  1. Highly specialized to contract and produce movements in the body.
  2. Helps maintain posture and where we are in spatial relations.
  3. Helps produce heat for the body
  4. Stabilizes joints
31
Q

how many muscle types are there?

A

3

32
Q

what are the muscle types?

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

33
Q

describe a skeletal muscle

A

a. Contains striations necessary to produce muscle movement.

b. It is considered to be voluntary muscle.

c. Muscle fibers (which are the same as muscle cells) are elongated and contain several nuclei (multinucleated).

d. This tissue cannot regenerate itself. Any damage repair to muscle is repaired with connective tissue.

e. Skeletal muscle is found throughout the body, connected to bones, other muscles, tendons and ligaments.

34
Q

describe a cardiac muscle

A

a. Similar to skeletal muscle, but it is considered an involuntary muscle.

b. Contains striations but they are more poorly organized. Also, while cardiac muscle cells are elongated like skeletal muscle cells, they are uninuclear.

c. The presence of specialized structures called intercalated discs allows for simultaneous contraction of all of the muscle fibers so they will act as a unit.

d. Located only in the heart.

35
Q

describe a smooth muscle

A

a. Considered to be an involuntary muscle.

b. No striations are present in smooth muscle. In addition, the smooth muscle cells are more spindle shaped than elongated.

c. Usually, the smooth muscle will wrap around hollow tubes in our body, such as the digestive tract or blood vessels, with one layer running in a circular fashion around the tube and another layer running in a longitudinal fashion.

d. Contraction of smooth muscles produces peristalsis, a “squeeze and pull” type of contraction.

36
Q

what are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

A
  1. Consists of two major types of cells
    a. Neurons, which carry nerve impulse transmissions over nerve tracts.
    b. Neuroglial cells, which act as support cells for the neurons.
  2. Neurons consist of a cell body, an axon and dendrites. These are cellular projections that pick up and transmit nerve impulses after a nerve stimulus.

bio 210 (6 decks)

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