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Anatomy & Physiology 200 > Tissue Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Tissue Level Of Organization Flashcards

0
Q

Four main tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissue

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2
Q

Three primary germ layers

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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3
Q

What tissues derive from endoderm?

A

Epithelial
GI
Respiratory
Urinary tract

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4
Q

What tissues derive from mesoderm?

A

Epithelial
Most muscle
Connective (incl blood)

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5
Q

What tissues derive from ectoderm?

A

Epithelial

Nervous

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6
Q

What are the five types of cell-to-cell junctions?

A
  1. Tight
  2. Adherens
  3. Desmosome
  4. Hemidesmosome
  5. Gap junction
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7
Q

Tight junctions

A

Transmembrane proteins fuse outer surfaces of adjacent cells
Act like surgical sutures. Prevent leaking.

Found in stomach, intestines, bladder.

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8
Q

Adherens junctions

A

Contain protein plaques which adhere to actin microfilaments, which in turn attach to transmembrane cadherin glycoproteins, which project between cells.

May form adhesion belts

Found in cells that need to be held together during contraction (ie in intestines)

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9
Q

Desmosome

A

Like Adherens junctions, but attach to keratin intermediate filaments. Like buttons.

Found in epidermis and cardiac cells

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10
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Half a desmosome, but connects plasma membrane to a basement membrane instead of another plasma membrane.

External membrane protein = laminin

Also the transmembrane glycoprotein is integrin rather than cadherin.

Found connecting dermis and hypodermis layers.

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11
Q

Gap junctions.

A

Tunnel-like connections (connexons) made up of glycoprotein connexin.

More of a communications bridge between cells than a structural attachment.

Allows for communicatios and transfer of waste products, chemicals or electrical signals, ions and nutrients.

Found in cornea cells, muscle and nerve cells and GI and urinary cells.

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12
Q

Mesenchyme

A

A form of embryonic connective tissue.
From which ALL connective tissue arises.
Has stem cell capabilities.

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13
Q

Key roles of epithelium

A

Protection from chemical and physical damage
Absorption of nutrients
Excretion
Secretion

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14
Q

What are the surfaces of epithelial cells?

A

Apical
Lateral
Basal surfaces

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15
Q

Apical surface

A

Free side of epithelial cells that open up into the body cavity, or lumen of an organ or vessel.

May contain cilia or micro villus

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16
Q

Lateral surface

A

The side of an epithelial cell that is shared with adjacent cells.

Where cell junctions found.

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17
Q

Basal surface

A

The side of an epithelial cell that is opposite to the apical surface.

Responsible for attachment to basement membranes and underlying connective tissues.

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18
Q

Basement membrane

A

Layer that attaches epidermis to connective tissues.

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19
Q

What is the basement membrane composed of?

A

Basal lamina (collagen fibres, laminin protein, glycoproteins and proteiglycans)

Reticular lamina (fibrous proteins created by fibroblasts).

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20
Q

What are the three arrangement types of epithelial cells?

A

Simple
Pseudo stratified
Stratified.

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21
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single layer of cells. Easy exchange of substances

Ex. Capillaries or alveolar sacs

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22
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Appears multilayered but is on fact only single layered. Contain projections that give multilayered appearance.

Ex. Nasal mucosa

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23
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells.
Areas reuniting strength and reinforcement, or where cells slough off easily.
Ex. Skin.

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24
Q

What are the four epithelial cell shapes?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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25
Q

Squamous epithelial cells

A

Flat. Allow for a high rate of absorption

Ex. Lungs and capillaries

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26
Q

Cuboidal epithelial cells

A

Cube shaped with micro villus. Allows for secretion and absorption.

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27
Q

Columnar epithelial cells

A

Column shaped with microvilli. Allows for secretion and absorption.

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28
Q

Transitional epithelial cells

A

Flat to cuboidal shaped.

Allows for distension and stretch.

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29
Q

Goblet cell

A

Epithelial.
Modified columnar cells that secrete mucous.

Unicellular exocrine glands.

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30
Q

Ciliates

A

Epithelial cell with cilia

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31
Q

Mesothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium of serous membranes

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32
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line cavities (parietal) and the outside of organs (visceral)

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33
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium of blood and lymphatic vessels.

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34
Q

Glands

A

Specialized epithelial/dermal tissues that produce secretions and release them into:

  • ducts
  • the blood stream, or
  • onto the surface of organs
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35
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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36
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Secretes into ducts to be carried away into the lumen or onto skin surfaces.

Short distance

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37
Q

Lumen

A

Inside space of a tubular structure.

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38
Q

Three functional classifications of exocrine glands:

A
  1. Merocrine
  2. Apocrine
  3. Holocrine
39
Q

Merocrine

A

An exocrine gland in which secretions are made in the cell and released in vesicles when ready.

Ex. Pancreatic and salivary glands

40
Q

Apocrine

A

An exocrine gland in which secretions are accumulated on apical surfaces until ready for release.

Ex. Mammary glands

41
Q

Holocrine

A

An exocrine gland in which secretions are accumulated in the cytosol and released in a large, excretory vesicle.

Ex. Sebaceous gland.

42
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

43
Q

What are the structural classifications of exocrine glands?

A

Simple (does not branch)

  • tubular
  • branched
  • coiled tubular
  • acinar
  • branched acinar

Compound (branches)

  • tubular
  • acinar
  • tubuloacinar.
44
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream for use elsewhere.

45
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Cells that make cartilage

46
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Most numerous connective tissue cells

Make fibre and produce/secrete ground substance.

47
Q

Ground substance

A

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue

Mostly composed of H2O and serves as support and binding

May be fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous or calcified.

48
Q

Macrophage

A

Develop from monocytes
Involved in inflammatory and immune response
“Big eater”

49
Q

Six types of Connective tissue

A 
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Plasma
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Leukocytes/WBC
50
Q

Plasma

A

Main producers of antibodies

Develops from b-lymphocytes and involved in immune response.

51
Q

Mast cells

A

Produce histamines. Involved in inflammatory response

Vasodilate blood vessels; vasoconstricts bronchioles

52
Q

Adipocytes

A

Produce/store/secrete lipids

53
Q

White blood cells

A

Aka Leukocytes

Allergic and immune response

54
Q

Matrix

A

Substance that surrounds cells

Consists of ground substance an GAGs

55
Q

GAGs

A

Glyco-Amino Glycans

The organic substances dissolved in ground substance. made up of proteins, polysaccharides and fibronectin.

56
Q

Hyluronic acid

A

Fluid Protein found in GAGs

Lubricates joints and helps maintain shape of eyeball.

57
Q

What are the polysaccharides found in GAGs?

A

Chondroitin sulphate (cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels)

Dermatan sulphate (skin, tendon, blood vessels and valves)

Keratan sulphate (bone, cartilage and eye balls)

58
Q

Fibronectin

A

Main adhesion protein in connective tissue.

Binds collagen fibres to ground substance, and cells to ground substance.

59
Q

What are the three main types of fibres?

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

60
Q

Collagen fibres

A

Made up of collagen proteins

Provide the majority of strength and stability in cartilage, tendons and ligaments

61
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Made up of elastin and fibrillin fibres

Allows for elasticity and extensibility of fibres (up to 150% of original length).

62
Q

Reticular fibres.

A

Made up of collagen protein, but thinner and more widespread, forming a network.

Aids in support and strength.

63
Q

Stroma

A

Bed/covering formed by reticular fibres.

Forms the internal structure of organs that gives them their characteristic structure and shape.

Also forms the basement membrane

64
Q

What are the two forms of embryonic connective tissue?

A

Mesenchyme

Mucous

65
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic tissue from which all connective tissue arises

66
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A

Embryonic.

Wharton’s Jelly

Umbilical tissue with a mucous-like structure that contains a form of mesenchyme.

67
Q

What are the five types of mature connective tissue?

A 
Loose
Dense
Cartilage 
Bone tissue 
Liquid
68
Q

Loose connective tissue: types

A
  1. Loose areolar
  2. Loose adipose
  3. Loose reticular.
69
Q

Loose areolar connective tissue

A

Strength, elastic and support

Found in subcutaneous layer.

Contains most types of connective tissue cells

70
Q

Loose adipose connective tissue

A

Temperature regulation, support and protection.

Found in subcutaneous layer.
Mainly adipocytes

71
Q

Loose reticular connective tissue

A

Reticular cells. Found in stroma of internal organs

Support, structure and binding together of other tissues.

72
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Dense regular (tendons and ligaments)
  2. Dense irregular (epidermis, heart valves, sheaths, periosteum)
  3. Dense elastic (blood vessels, lungs) - show up as yellow.
73
Q

Cartilage

A

Dense network of collagen and elastin embedded in chondroitin sulphate.

74
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cells of mature cartilage.

75
Q

Three types of cartilage:

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic cartilage
76
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Collagen intertwined with ground substance. Provides smooth surface for movement.

Most abundant. Weakest.

Found in long bones, ribs, trachea and nose

77
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Collagen intertwined within the matrix.
Support, joining structures together

Strongest form of cartilage

Knees, iVDs, pubic symphysis

78
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Mostly elastin fibres. Very stretchy.

Ears. Epiglottis.

79
Q

Bone

A

Composed of osseus cells, red and yellow bone marrow.

Stores calcium and phosphate

Support protection structure.

80
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

Compact

Spongy

81
Q

Two types of liquid connective tissue

A

Blood

Lymph

82
Q

Blood plasma

A

The extracellular matrix of blood

83
Q

Three types of blood cells

A

Red blood cells
White bold cells
Platelets

84
Q

Lymph

A

ECF of the lymphatic system. Involved in immune reactions and combatting infections.

85
Q

Functions of muscle tissue

A

Initiating movement
Heat production
Posture and form

86
Q

Three types of muscle tissue;

A

Skeletal (voluntary, striated)
Smooth (involuntary, unstriated)
Cardiac (involuntary, striated)

87
Q

Two types of nervous tissue

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

Neuroglia (supportive)

88
Q

Membranes

A

Sheets of tissue that line or cover a portion of the body

Can cover:

  1. Cavities
  2. Organs
  3. Tracts
89
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Mouth to bum.

90
Q

Two types of membranes:

A
  1. Epithelial

2. Synovial

91
Q

Three types of epithelial membranes:

A

A. Mucous
B. Serous
C. Cutaneous.

92
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Aka mucosa

Protective layer that opens onto the exterior of the body.

Respiratory, GI, reproductive and urinary.

Composed of epithelial layer and connective tissue layer (Lamina propria)

93
Q

Serous membranes

A

Aka serosa

Line cavities that do not open to the outside world.
Two layers: parietal (cavity wall) and visceral (surrounds organ)
In between the layers, mesothelioma secretes serous fluid, which allows for adherence and movement.

94
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Epidermis and dermis.

95
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Found only in joints
Composed of synoviocytes, which secrete synovial fluid.
Pops caused by NO2.

Anatomy & Physiology 200 (7 decks)

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