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Anatomy & Physiology 200 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Selectively permeable plasma membrane

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer

Function to provide a continuous barrier to separate the cell and its internal components from the external environment.

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2
Q

What is the lipid bilayer selectively permeable for/against?

A

Permeable to: nonpolar, hydrophobic and uncharged substances (ex: steroids, O2, CO2, N2)

Impermeable to: polar, hydrophilic and charged substances (ex. ions and large proteins)

Exception: permeable to H2O, even though it is polar/hydrophillic

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3
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The model usually used to describe cell membrane action.

Membrane is highly fluctuating due to the high rate of fluctuation and movement of the phospholipids.

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4
Q

Membrane Gradient

A

The chemical difference between the inside and outside of the cell.

If the difference involves ions with charges, the result is a Membrane Potential

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5
Q

Ampipathic properties of phospholipids

A

Polar, hydrophilic phosphate head, and non polar, hydrophobic, lipid tail.

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6
Q

What is the lipid bilayer composed of?

A

FATS

  1. phospholipids (75%)
  2. cholesterol (20%). Carries an OH- (thus polar) and attaches to phosphate head
  3. glycolipids (5%). Contains polar carbohydrate and found only on extracellular side of membrane.

PROTEINS

  1. integral (many are glycoproteins)
  2. peripheral
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7
Q

What are the roles of the cell membrane glycolipids believed to be?

A

Signal transduction, cell to cell adhesion, binding

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8
Q

Glyocalyx

A

Sugary coat created by the carbohydrate ends of the glycoproteins that marks the cell’s uniqueness

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9
Q

What are the 6 functions of proteins in the cell membrane?

A
  1. transport
  2. ion channel
  3. receptor
  4. enzymatic
  5. linkers
  6. markers
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10
Q

Transporter proteins

A

Transports polar (hydrophilic) uncharged substances.

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11
Q

Ion channel

A

Selectively transports ions through the membrane. Very important in nerve impulses. Specific to certain ions.

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12
Q

Receptor

A

Cellular regulation sites

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13
Q

Ligand

A

A specific molecule that bonds to a receptor

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14
Q

Enzyme

A

Integral proteins that catalyze specific reactions at the inside or outside of the cell’s surface

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15
Q

Linkers

A

Attach to other cells. Example: clotting with linkers attach to surrounding platelets

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16
Q

Markers

A

Glycoproteins (and glycolipids) that help cells recognize each other, and identify foreign cells
Ex. ABO blood markers

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17
Q

Passive transport

A

Doesn’t require ATP.

Uses kinetic energy, via electrical or concentration gradients

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18
Q

What are the two main types of passive transport?

A

Osmosis

Diffusion (can be simple or facilitated)

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19
Q

Why are integral proteins required to help diffuse some ions through the membrane?

A

Because ions are polar, and thus hydrophilic, they have difficulty moving through the fatty acid tail lipid bilayer.

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20
Q

What are the two ways that diffusion can be facilitated?

A

Channel or carrier mediation

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21
Q

Osmosis

A

A special type of diffusion in which a solvent goes from higher to lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

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22
Q

Acquaporin

A

Membrane channel specific to H2O

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23
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the solvent on the solute side of the membrane. Directly proportional to the concentration of the solute.

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24
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the presence of colloids (large solutes) in a closed tube. Pulls solves to the side with the higher solute concentration.

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25
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the solvent on its surroundings, usually on the side of the solute.

Opposes osmosis!

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26
Q

Tonicity

A

Measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering the water content.

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27
Q

Isotonic

A

Any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume, because the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside of the cell.

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28
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher concentration of solutes in the surrounding solution. Water tends to leave the cell –> Crenation

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29
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower concentration of solutes outside of the cell, so water will enter the cell via osmosis. May lead to lysis

30
Q

Primary active transport

A

Uses ATP to move substance across membrane, against the concentration gradient (ex. sodium-potassium pump)

31
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Indirectly utilizes the energy from primary transport pumps. Uses the kinetic energy of molecules travelling down their concentration gradient to fuel movement up their own gradient.

Symporters move two substances in the same direction; antiporters move them in opposite directions

32
Q

Exocytosis

A

A substance is released out of the cell.

If it’s useful: secretion
If it’s waste: excretion

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process of taking a substance into the cell for metabolism

34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles. Two of the few cells large enough to engage in phagocytosis are neutrophils and macrophages

Pseudopods may be used to engulf target microbes

35
Q

Pinocytosis

A

AKA bulk phase endocytosis

The taking in of fluids (and floating solutes) into the cell by pinching off bits of the plasma membrane

36
Q

Transcytosis

A

Combination endo and exocytosis. Just passing through

37
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Includes everything that is in between the cell membrane and the nucleus. Composed of 1) cytosol and 2) organelles

38
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid portion of cytoplasm (approx 50% cell volume).

Site of many of the cell’s biochemical reactions.

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Components that make up the shape and structure of the cell. Three types:

1) microfilament
2) intermediate filaments
3) microtubles

40
Q

Microfilament

A

Smallest of the cytoskeleton structures.
Composed of actin protein.
Involved in movement, muscle contraction, cell division, locomotion, and structure
Helps anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane
Helps form microvilli

41
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Medium sized cytoskeleton
Composed mostly of keratin protein.
Aids in internal stability and keeps organelles in specific postions
Helps forming connections between cells

42
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest of the cytoskeletons
Composed mostly of tubulin protein
Long and hollow. Formed in centrosome
Helps determine cell’s shape and internal organelle movement
Forms cilia and flagella
Contributes to chromosome mobility during mitosis and meiosis

43
Q

Centrosome

A

Involved in meiosis and mitosis
Always found near nucleus and has two components:
1) centriole (pair)
2) pericentriolar material

44
Q

Centriole

A

One component of the centrosome
Found in pairs
Cylindrical structure composed of 9 clusters of 3 microtubules

45
Q

Pericentriolar material

A

One component of the centrosome
Contains tubulin protein to help build microtubules
Starting point for mitotic spindles during mitosis

46
Q

Cilia & Flagella

A

Composed mostly of microtubules.
Found on external surface of cells
Assist in locomotion
Cilia: hair-like projections the move in a coordinated wave to provide mobility
Flagella: long, tubular talilish structure

47
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make proteins!
Free floating: make proteins for use in the cytosol
Attached (to endoplasmic reticulum): make proteins for other organelles, exocytosis or the cell membrane.
Made of two separate subunits in nucleus, which are assembled in the cytosol
Also found in mitochondria, which it synthesizes enzymes

48
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of flattened tubes/sacs that extend from the nuclear membrane, throughout the cytoplasm.

49
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Continuous with nuclear membrane. Studded with ribosomes.
Produce lipoproteins and glycoproteins for internal cell use or secretion via exocytosis.
Secretory proteins, membrane proteins, organellar proteins.

50
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Extends from rough ER. No ribosomes
Doesn’t synthesize proteins, but does synthesize fatty acids and steroids.
Involved in catabolism of glycogen –> glucose
In the liver, release glucose in bloodstream and inactivate or detoxify lipid-soluble drugs etc.
In muscle cells, equivalent called sarcoplasmic reticulum, and stores and releases Ca+ for muscle contractions.

51
Q

Golgi bodies

A

Transports, receives, modifies and packages amino acids arriving from the rough ER.
The FedEx of the cell

52
Q

Action of the golgi body

A
  1. Entry/Cis Face: convex, receives amino acid/protein from rough ER.
  2. Medial cisternae: modifies polypeptide chains with enzymes to form either glycoproteins or lipoproteins.
  3. Exit/Trans Face: concave side. Releases finished product in vesicles.
53
Q

Three forms of enzyme vesicles

A
  1. lysosomes
  2. peroxisomes
  3. proteosomes
54
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive and hydrolytic enzymes that digest absorbed substances into cytoplasmic vesicles

Created by golgi body

Autophagy: destroys organelle (usually to recycle)
Autolyse: destroys entire cell.

55
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Microbodies
Similar to lysosomes. Contain oxidase enzyme that removes H+ from organic molecules, and catalase, which decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into safer substances

56
Q

Proteosomes

A

Contain protease

Cleans up used proteins in cytoplasm

57
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generates ATP through aerobic metabolism
Composed of : Cristae, and the matrix (space between cristae).
Contains ribosomes and its own set of mDNA. Can self replicate proteins for normal functioning.

58
Q

Nucleoli

A

Spherical bodies within the nucleus, made up of clusters of RNA, DNA and protein.
Produce rRNA and ribosomal subunits

59
Q

Chromatin

A

The scattered RNA, DNA and proteins, prior to cell division. Will cluster for division

60
Q

Genes

A

Segments of DNA that encode for specific traits and characteristics.

61
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Double helix
Structure of nucleic acids, pentose sugars and phosphate groups

62
Q

Chromosomes

A

The arrangement of genes into chromatin fibres during cell division. Exists only during meiosis/mitosis (otherwise in chromatin state).
Humans have 23 pairs

63
Q

Genome

A

Total genetic information of an organism

64
Q

Histones

A

Protein balls that DNA double helix coils around for stability

65
Q

Nucleosomes

A

Combination of histones and clusters of DNA

66
Q

Linker DNA

A

Section of the double helix that likes nucleosomes togther

67
Q

Chromatin fiber

A

Section of many nucleosomes and linker DNAs in a row

68
Q

Chromatid

A

1/2 of a chromosome. 2 chromatids = 1 chromosomes

69
Q

Centromere

A

The central portion of a chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together

70
Q

Telomere

A

The terminal portions of the chromosomes

71
Q

Base pairing in DNA

A

Adenine Thyamine

Guanine Cytosine

72
Q

Base pairing in RNA

A

Adenine Uracil

Guanine Cytosine

Anatomy & Physiology 200 (7 decks)

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