Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 200 > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Outer cortex

A

Aka cerebrum or neocortex. Contains frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What structures protect the brain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid Meninges (three layers: pia, arachnoid and dura)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the frontal lobe primarily responsible for?

A

Short and long term memory, personality, intelligence, music, artistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the parietal lobe primarily responsible for?

A

Reading, writing, comprehension, analytical reasoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the temporal lobes primarily responsible for?

A

Auditory functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the occipital lobes primarily responsible for?

A

Vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Pons Medulla oblongata Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brain stem. Relay centre for signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Centre for autonomic control and vital functions (breathing, HR, BP etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains important nerve tracts and the substantia nigra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Substantia nigra

A

In midbrain. Contains neurons that produce dopamine Damaged in Parkinson’s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dienchephalon

A

Contains: Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thalamus

A

In diencephalon Relay station for signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

In diencephalon Centre for autonomic control. Non-vital functions (controls via hormone production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epithalamus

A

In diencephalon Centre for sleep and circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cerebellum

A

Cauliflower Located posterior-inferior. Coordination of sensory input and motor output. Ensures that what’s being ordered is being done. Allows for smooth, refined, synchronized movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Three types if nerve cells (by function)

A

Sensory (afferent) – input Associative – integrative Somatic (efferent) – output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 specialized nerves that exit out base if brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ganglia

A

Small masses if nervous tissue found outside of the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nuclei

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies within the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ganglion cyst

A

Collection of fluid, built up around a soft tissue structure. Idiopathic. Tend to form around tendons or joints in wrists, hands or feet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Enteric plexus

A

Bundles of nerves that regulate digestive organs Consists if nerve riots that exit the spinal cord and innervate GI tract and structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spinal cord

A

Encased in vertebral column Houses approximately 100 million neurons 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord at each and every level (bilaterally).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory – afferent Integrative – interneuron or association neuron – simple or complex reflexes – most complex and intricate Motor – efferent. – can be sympathetic, parasympathetic, voluntary or involuntary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Three steps of a simple reflex

A
  1. sensory neurons detect 2. Action potentials sent to brain and/or spinal cord via Afferent neurons. CNS determines what is to be done (Integration) 3. Command sent via Efferent neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Three steps of a complex reflex

A
  1. Sensory neurons detect. Signal sent to brain via afferent neurons 2 Brain registers input and fires signal to other parts of brain to integrate, analyze and respond. Decision making by committee 3. Command sent via efferent neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Central Nervous System

A

CNS a. Brain (any tissue above the foramen magnum) and encased within the cranial cavity + b. Spinal Cord (foramen magnum to sacrum – located within vertebral column)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

PNS All nervous tissue outside of the CNS Subdivided into Somatic, Autonomic and Enteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

SNS Voluntary Includes: Sensory nerves from special senses Motor neurons to conduct from CNS to skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

ANS Involuntary Includes: Sensory receptors from internal organs Motor neurone from CNS to smooth muscles, internal organs Further divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of autonomic nervous system Responsible for fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Parasympathetics Nervous System

A

Part of ANS Responsible for rest & digest, feed & breed Responsible for normalizing and bringing body back to homeostasis after activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Dual Innervation

A

Seen in ANS. One organ is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Involuntary ENS Only involved with GI tract Sensory and somatic/motor pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Two types of nervous tissue

A

Neurons Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nerve impulse

A

An action potential which involves a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Speed of nerve impulse

A

1/1000 of a second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Dendrites

A

Finger-like projections of a neuron which receive input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Axons

A

The long, thin, cylindrical projection of a neuron. The shaft.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Axon hillock

A

Where axon meets neuronal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Trigger zone

A

Area of axon hillock where action potentials are triggered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Axolemma

A

Membrane of axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Telodendria

A

AKA the Axon Terminal End of the axon, often bulge out into synaptic end bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Initial segment

A

Portion of axon closest to axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Axon collaterals

A

Branches off the axon that contribute to other circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Perikayon

A

Nerve cell body, or soma Contains the nucleus and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Bundles of rough ER which produce proteins specific to neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Synapse

A

Gap where two or more neurone meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Neuroglia cells

A

Main role is to support, nourish and protect neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Glioma

A

Brain tumour arising out of glial cells

52
Q

What are the neuroglial cells of the CNS?

A
  1. astrocytes 2. oliogodenrocytes 3. microglia 4. ependyma
53
Q

Astrocyte

A

CNS neuroglia Helps form the blood brain barrier Star shaped

54
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Tightly sealed lining that helps maintain the selective permeability of capillaries in the nervous system to help prevent leakage or attack.

55
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Forms the myelin sheath around CNS axons (similar to Schwann cells of PNS)

56
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytes of the nervous system. Akin to macrophages

57
Q

Ependymal

A

Line inside of spinal canal and ventricles of the brain. Main role is production and circulation of cerebral spinal fluid

58
Q

What are the neuroglial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells Satellite cells

59
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath of the PNS

60
Q

Satellite cells (neuro)

A

Supports and protects neuronal cell bodies in the PNS Help with dendritic and axon repair Helps regulate substances between neuron and interstitial fluid

61
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Two projections of axons, one sensory and one ending in synaptic bulbs that continue onto CNS

62
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

One axon and one dendrite Can be found in retina, olfactory and auditory nerves

63
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Most common in CNS Has one axon and multiple dendrites

64
Q

Purkinje neuron

A

Found in cerebellum. Very luscious looking dendrites

65
Q

Pyramidal neuron

A

Found only in cerebral cortex. Pyramidal neuronal cell body

66
Q

Gray matter

A

Nervous tissue that contains: cell bodies dendrites axon terminal unmyelinated axons neuroglial cells Superficial in brain (cortex) and deep in spinal cord

67
Q

White matter

A

The portion of nervous tissue that contains myelinated axons. Deep in brain, superficial in spinal cord.

68
Q

Myelination

A

Covering and insulation of axons by neuroglial cells (oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells) that allows for increased rate and efficiency of impulse transmission.

69
Q

Neurolemma

A

The sheath of the oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell (like sarcolemma)

70
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin sheaths between which the action potential jumps.

71
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Progressive, degenerative, autoimmune condition of the myelin sheaths of the CNS. Sheaths replaced by fibrous plaque (sclerotic) Progressive weakness, double vision, fatigue, parasthesias, and other neurological deficits.

72
Q

What are the two types of motor neuron?

A

Upper motor neuron (UMN) Lower motor neuron CNS –> UMN –> LMN –> muscle/gland/organ

73
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The electrical voltage difference across the cell membrane. Means the cell is polarized

74
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

75
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in to help establish resting membrane potential.

76
Q

Electrogenic

A

Producing a change in the electrical potential of a cell. Na+, K+, Sodium-postassium pump

77
Q

What are the main ions involved in nerve impulses?

A

Sodium (Na+) – concentrated higher outside cell – most abundant cation in extracellular fluid Potassium (K+) – concentrated higher inside the cell – most abundant cation in intracellular fluid Chloride (Cl-) – concentrated outside the cell – most abundant anion found in extracellular fluid Also: Phosphate (PO4-) large, mostly inside the cell Calcium (Ca+) – concentrated outside cell – most abundant (cation) mineral inside the body

78
Q

Four kinds of ion channels in the nerve cell

A

Leakage Voltage gated Ligand gated Mechanically gated

79
Q

Leakage gated channels

A

Alternate between open and closed Most membranes have more K+ channels than Na+, so more permeable to K+ Concentrated ate axon hillock and axon membranes, although present everywhere on membrane Plays key role in Resting potential

80
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Open and close in response to a change in membrane potential. Play key role in Action potential Concentrated at axon and axon hillocks

81
Q

Ligand gated channels

A

“Lock & key” Open and close in response to chemical, hormonal or ionic stimuli and/or NT signal. Involved in graded potential Concentrated at axon terminals, and dendrites and cell bodies

82
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

Open and close in response to mechanical stimulus – i.e. vibrations, pressure, stretch. Involved in graded potentials Concentrated at axon terminals, dendrites and cell bodies.

83
Q

What are the two types of potentials

A

Graded and action

84
Q

Graded Potential

A

Small deviation from resting potential (of -70mV) Can be depolarizing (less neg.) or hyper polarizing (more neg.) Involve ligand gated and mechanically gated channels No conduction and therefore localized Begin at dendrites and cell bodies No refractory period and thus subject to summation

85
Q

Two types of summation

A

Spatial Temporal

86
Q

Spatial Summation

A

At trigger zone, many synapses summated together at the same time

87
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Repetitive successive summation

88
Q

Action Potential

A

Involve voltage gated and leakage channels Have refractory period and therefore not affected by summation ==> All or Nothing Arises from trigger zones at axon hillock

89
Q

What is the sequence of an Action Potential

A

Resting (voltage gated Na+ channels resting; voltage gated K+ channels closed) Stimulus causes depolarization Once depolarization reaches threshold (-55 mV), Na+ channels open –> Depolarization Phase Rush of Na + into cell changes potential from -55 to +30 mV Voltage-gated K+ channels open; Na+ channels inactivating Exodus of K+ out of cell –> Repolarization +30 to -90 mV Voltage-gated K+ channels close. Resting potential of -70mV achieved

90
Q

How much of what does the sodium potassium pump pump?

A

3Na+ Out, 2K+ in. Makes cell more negative

91
Q

All or Nothing law

A

When depolarization reaches threshold, AP is generated. AP is always the same size and amplitude, regardless.

92
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum amount of voltage needed to generate an action potential (-55mV in a neuron)

93
Q

Refractory Period

A

The time frame following an AP in which no other AP can be generated.

94
Q

2 types of refractory periods

A

a) Absolute. (no how no way. Coincides with the time Na+ channels open – Depolarization) b) Relative. (try harder. Coincides with the time Na+ channels closed but K+ channels open. Repolarization)

95
Q

What are the two categories of neurotransmitters?

A

Small molecule neurotransmitters Neuropeptides

96
Q

What are the categories of Small Molecule Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetylcholine 2. Amino Acids 3. Catecholamines (Biogenic Amines) 4. Serotonin 5. Nitric Oxide
97
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Excitatory NT at NMJ. Propogates AP further.

98
Q

Amino Acid (small molecule neurotransmitters)

A

Excitatory – help lower threshold for activation 1. Glutamate (glutamic acid) 2. Aspartate (aspartic acid) Inhibatory – blocks/inhibits propagation of AP by increasing threshold for activation 3. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) 4. Glycine – inhibitory effects at NMJ

99
Q

What are all catecholamines derived from?

A

The amino acid Tyrosine

100
Q

Catecholamines

A

AKA biogenic amines 1. Epinephrine (E) – released by adrenals/ arousal, energy and muscle tone. AKA adrenaline 2. Norepinephrine (NE) – mood and arousal. AKA noradrenaline 3. Dopamine (DA) – mood and pleasure.

101
Q

Relationship between Dopamine and Parkinson’s and Schizophrenia

A

Parkinson’s: death of substantial nigra –> not enough DA Schizophrenia: too much DA

102
Q

Serotonin

A

5-HTP Hydroxytryptamine Sensory perception, appetite, mood, sleep regulation

103
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

NO (not N2O) Both inhibitory and excitatory depending on receptors involved. Also causes vasodilation.

104
Q

Membrane potential is created by:

A
  1. Difference between 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in. 2. Presence of large negative proteins inside cell. (Made partly of COOH- which is really negative) 3. Lots of Phosphate floating around cytosol (waiting to make ATP)
105
Q

Two types of nerve impulses

A

Continuous Saltatory

106
Q

Continuous nerve impulse

A

No myelin sheath Nerve impulse travels along membrane by opening and closing of adjacent ion channels.

107
Q

Saltatory nerve impulse.

A

Nerve impulses jump from node of ranvier to node of ranvier along myelinated axon. Speedy fast.

108
Q

Three types of nerve axons

A

A B C

109
Q

A Nerve Fibres

A

100% myelinated. Super fast. 130 m/sec Sensory nerves and motor neurons of skeletal muscle Thickest

110
Q

B Nerve Fibres

A

100% myelinated 15 m/sec ANS and visceral organs.

111
Q

C Fibre Nerves

A

Not myelinated 2 m/sec Reproductive, excretory, digestive Long refractory period

112
Q

Two types of synaptic junctions

A

Chemical Electrical

113
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Use gap junctions Found in ANS, smooth muscle and cardiac muscles. Signal passes through connexon protein Fast communication. Synchronization of signals n

114
Q

Chemical synapses

A

AP arrives at presynaptic neuron Voltage gated Ca+ channels open. Ca+ flows inward, stimulates exocytosis of NT. NT flows across synapse and attaches to ligand gates channels. Inhibits or excites.

115
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Enkephalins – blocks pain Endorphins – blocks pain Substance P – enhance perception of pain

116
Q

Types of neural circuits

A

Simple series Divergence Convergence Reverberating Parallel after discharge.

117
Q

Simple series circuit

A

One neuron stimulates another, which in turn stimulates another. Unusual.

118
Q

Divergent neural circuits

A

One neuron stimulates a few others, each of which stimulates multiple others.

119
Q

Convergent neural circuits

A

Multiple neurons stimulate one single neuron. Spatial Summarize effect.

120
Q

Reverberating neural circuit

A

Similar to simple circuit, but neurons reverberate backwards to stimulate earlier neurons. Extended, coordinated movements like breathing.

121
Q

Parallel after discharge neural circuit

A

Single presynaptic cell stimulate multiple neurons, which all synapse back to a common post synaptic cell.

122
Q

Neural plasticity

A

Capability to adapt and change

123
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Birth and growth of new neurons from undifferentiated stem cells.

124
Q

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

A

Recently discovered chemical that can trigger mitosis in neuronal cells

125
Q

Chromatolysis

A

(de)granulation of nissl bodies within the neuron as part of repair process

126
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Degeneration if distal portion of axon and myelin sheath as part if repair.

Anatomy & Physiology 200 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions