Tissue Homeostasis

Question 1

What can uncontrolled proliferation lead to

Answer 1

Cancer multiplying

Question 2

What does not enough proliferation lead to

Answer 2

Can’t replace cells

Question 3

What is apoptosis

Answer 3

Cell death

Question 4

What are the 6 stages of mitosis

Answer 4

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis - part of telophase

Question 5

What happens in interphase

Answer 5

Nucleolus and nuclear envelope are distinct and the chromosomes are in threadlike form chromatin

Question 6

What happens in prophase

Answer 6

Chromosomes appear condensed nuclear envelope in not apparent

Question 7

What happens in metaphase

Answer 7

Thick coiled chromosomes each with two chromatids are lined up on the metaphase plate

Question 8

What happens in anaphase

Answer 8

Chromatids have separated and move towards the poles

Question 9

What happens in telophase

Answer 9

Chromosomes are at the poles becoming more diffuse nuclear envelope reforms cytoplasm may be dividing

Question 10

What is cytokinesis

Answer 10

Division into two daughter cells is completed

Question 11

What causes DNA damage or loss

Answer 11

Ionising radiation
Chemotherapy
Free radicals

Question 12

What does energy failure cause

Answer 12

Lack of oxygen
Lack of glucose
Mitochondrial failure

Question 13

What does mechanical disruption cause

Answer 13

Trauma
Osmotic pressure

Question 14

What does membrane damage cause

Answer 14

Free radicals

Question 15

What does failure of membrane functional integrity cause

Answer 15

Damage to ion pumps
Complement or perforin
Bacterial toxins

Question 16

What does blockage of metabolic pathways cause

Answer 16

Interruption of protein synthesis
Respiratory poisons
Hormone/growth factor lack

Question 17

What does insufficient carbohydrate lead to

Answer 17

Cannot make ATP which most cell repair and maintenance mechanisms rely on

Question 18

What does insufficient protein lead to

Answer 18

Not enough amino acids to make proteins

Question 19

What do vitamin deficiencies lead to

Answer 19

Various effects including scurvy (vitamin C) where patients can’t cross link collagen leading to tissue damage

Question 20

What does calorie surplus lead to

Answer 20

Obesity e.g. inflammation

Question 21

What is autophagy

Answer 21

Cells can end up ‘eating themselves’

Question 22

What ischemia

Answer 22

Lack of blood supply so oxygen is cut off no ATP cell injury

Question 23

What is reperfusion

Answer 23

When the blood supply and oxygen comes back

Question 24

How does novichok nerve agent work

Answer 24

Organophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor
Works by increasing ACh at NMJ, muscle contract, respiratory and cardiac arrest are possible
Can treat with atropine

Question 25

What is atrophy

Answer 25

Cells become smaller
Fewer organelles and reduced function

Question 26

What is hypertrophy

Answer 26

Cells become bigger
Same number of cells
Can improve function and be adaptive
Can be pathological

Question 27

What is hyperplasia

Answer 27

Cells proliferate increase in number in response to increased demand

Question 28

What is metaplasia

Answer 28

Cells change from one type to another
Reversible
Is benign

Question 29

What is dysplasia

Answer 29

Cells change into a pathologically abnormal form

Question 30

What is necrosis

Answer 30

Pathological cell death
Cell membrane loses integrity and cell contents leak out

Question 31

What is apoptosis

Answer 31

Programmed cell death
Prevent tumour development
Part of healthy tissue homeostasis

Question 32

What are the 2 pathways for apoptosis

Answer 32

Intrinsic and extrinsic