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MCQ 1.3 > Bone Physiology > Flashcards

Bone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

Head
Articular surface

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2
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

Shaft

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3
Q

What is the metaphysis

A

Growth plate

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4
Q

What are 3 examples of flat bones

A

Skull, ribs and sternum

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5
Q

What are the 4 bone types

A

Sesamoid
Short
Irregular
Alveolar bone of the jaw

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6
Q

What is intramembranous formation

A

Bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells

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7
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

Bone forms from a cartilaginous template
Morphogenesis and growth phases

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8
Q

What happens during intramembranous formation

A

Mesenchymal condensations form early in embryogenesis
Differentiate into osteoblasts form osteoid which mineralises

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9
Q

How is intramembranous formation genetically regulated

A

By patterning genes encoding transcription factors such as homeobox (HOX) or paired box (PAX)

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10
Q

What is the first stage of endochondral ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells form condensations (lateral plate mesoderm)

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11
Q

What is the second stage of endochondral ossification

A

Differentiate into chondrocytes and begin to proliferate and secrete cartilaginous matrix

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12
Q

What is the third stage of endochondral ossification

A

Chondrocytes differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes

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13
Q

What is the last stage of endochondral ossification

A

Blood vessels invade cartilaginous matrix. Surrounding perichondrial cells differentiate into osteoblasts forming the primary ossification centre

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14
Q

What is the secondary ossification of endochondral ossification

A

Appear in the epiphyses forming the articular surfaces of the bone

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15
Q

What are the 5 zones of the growth plate

A

Resting zone
Proliferative zone
Pre hypertrophic zone
Hypertrophic zone
Invasion zone

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16
Q

How are chondrocytes arranged in the growth plate

A

In columns

17
Q

How is proliferation and differentiation in growth plate

A

Are tightly regulated

18
Q

Which type of bone is the main site of calcium exchange

A

Trabecular, spongy, cancellous

19
Q

What are 3 types of cells in bone marrow

A

Erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
Cells of the myeloid lineage

20
Q

What do bone lining cells detect

A

Changes in loading environment and expose bone surface for resorption

21
Q

What is the main mechano sensitive bone cell

A

Osteocytes

22
Q

What is osteoblastic lineage

A

Stromal precursors that are capable of forming either osteoblasts or adipose cells

23
Q

What is osteoclastic lineage

A

Myeloid

24
Q

What are 4 physiological factors that impact on bone homeostasis

A

Fluctuations in serum calcium
Changes in mechanical loading
Repair of micro fractures
Hormonal status

25
Q

What are the 5 stages of bone formation and resorption

A

Resting bone surface
Resorption
Reversal
Bone formation
Mineralisation

26
Q

What do osteoblasts synthesise

A

The organic matrix of bone (osteoid) and control its mineralisation

27
Q

After finishing making new bone what 3 cells can osteoblasts differentiate into

A

Osteocytes
Bone lining cells
Undergo apoptosis

28
Q

What do osteoclasts form from

A

Pluripotent CD34+ mononuclear phagocytes precursors that can form many myeloid cell types

29
Q

What 2 physiological regulators are osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption

A

Low serum Ca2+ levels (calcium homeostasis)
Decreases in mechanical loading

30
Q

What 3 pathological regulators of osteoclasts

A

Disruption of steroid hormone levels
Inflammation
Cancer

31
Q

What does RANKL bind to

A

It’s receptor RANK on osteoclast precursors

32
Q

What does osteoblastic osteoprotegerin (OPG) do

A

Further layer of control which is a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL

33
Q

What is the first process of bone resorption

A

Attaches to surface through a5 b3 integrin interaction with RGD containing proteins

34
Q

What is the second process of bone resorption

A

Polarisation of osteoclast formation of ruffled border, actin ring and sealed zone

35
Q

What is the third process of bone resorption

A

Acidification of the sealed zone by active transport of H+ to breakdown mineral component of bone. Oc pH maintained by Cl-/HCO3- exchanger on basolateral surface

36
Q

What is the fourth process of bone resorption

A

Release of cathepsin K and other proteases that digest collagen

37
Q

What is the fifth process of bone resorption

A

Creates a resorption pit 4-5uM deep

MCQ 1.3 (13 decks)

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