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MCM-COM 2018 > Tissue Architecture > Flashcards

Tissue Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoskeletal function on the tissue level

A
  • muscle movement

- muscle contraction

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2
Q

Cytoskeletal function on the cellular level

A
  • cell morphology
  • cell shape
  • motility
  • cell adhesion
  • cell division
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3
Q

Cytoskeletal function on the subcellular level

A
  • organization
  • tensile strength
  • chromosome segregation
  • cell polarity
  • vesticular movement
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4
Q

Cytoskeletal filaments are ______ and ______

A

Dynamic and adaptable

* can be broken down by a signal and reassembled at new sites

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5
Q

Thermal Stability of cytoskeletal filaments is derived from what characteristic

A

Filaments do not exist as a single filament but instead exist has thermally stable multi filament complex

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6
Q

Staggered long subunits give rise to a _____ characteristic of cytoskeletal filaments that give it its strong nature

A

Rope like properties
*allow it to stretch and bend

*intermediate filaments are resistant to stretching forces

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7
Q

What are the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments ?

A
  1. intermediate filaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Microfilaments
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8
Q

Microfilaments are made up of

A

Actin

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9
Q

Microtubules are made up of

A

Tubulins

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10
Q

Intermediate filaments are made up of

A

Lamin and cell specific proteins

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11
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments ?

A

Increase the tensile strength of cytoskeleton from rope like properties
-enable cells to withstand mechanical stress

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12
Q

Where are intermediate filaments found ?

A

In the cytoplasm of most animal cells
*surround the nucleus and extend into periphery

Often anchored to plasma membrane and cell-cell junctions

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13
Q

Intermediate filaments form mesh-like structure called the _____

A

Nuclear lamina

*strengthens nuclear envelope

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14
Q

Describe the route in which an intermediate filament grows

A

Alpha helical monomer -> coiled-coil dimer -> staggered tetramer of 2 coiled-coil dimers -> lateral association of 8 tetramers —> addition of 8 tetramers to growing filament ends

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15
Q

What are the two main, broad types of intermediate filaments

A

Cytoplasmic and nuclear

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16
Q

What are examples of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments

A
  1. Keratin filaments (in epithelial cells)
  2. Vimentin and vimentin-related filaments (in CT, muscle, and glial cells)
  3. Neurofilaments (in nerve cells)
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17
Q

What is the one type of nuclear intermediate filament

A

Nuclear Lamins

In all animal cells

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18
Q

What disease can be caused if there is destruction to the nuclear lamina that protects the cell

A

Progeria (accelerated aging)

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19
Q

What is the difference between nuclear lamin and lamina

A

Nuclear lamins, also known as Class V intermediate filaments, are fibrous proteins providing structural function and transcriptional regulation in the cell nucleus. Nuclear LAMINS interact with membrane-associated proteins to form the nuclear LAMINA on the interior of the nuclear envelope.

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20
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

*crucial eukaryotic cell organization

  • forms mitotic spindle for chromosome segregation in mitosis
  • part of cilia/flagella
  • extends from centrosome to cell periphery to transport cellular components (in non-dividing cells)
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21
Q

Long and stiff, hollow tubes that can be rapidly assembled and disassembled refer to which cytoskeletal filament

A

Microtubules

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22
Q

A tubulin heterodimer unit is made up of what two subunits? And a tubulin heterodimer is a subunit for what structure ?

A

Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

A protofilament
Which is a subunit for a microtubule

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23
Q

A microtubule had a plus end a minus end. Which side grows faster?

A

The plus end grows faster, the minus end grows slower

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24
Q

What is the role of gamma-tubulin in the nucleation of microtubules at the minus end

A

Gamma-tubulin is the anchor point of the minus end from which the plus end can grow in the opposite direction.

-nucleating sites have gamma-tubulin ring complexes surrounding a pair of centrioles in which microtubules grow at their plus ends

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25
Q

What is the microtubule-specific drug that binds and stabilizes microtubules and is beneficial for stopping cancer growth

A

Taxol

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26
Q

What are the two microtubule specific drugs that bind tubulin dimers and prevents their polymerization

A

Colchicine (Colcemid) and vinblastine (vincristine)

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27
Q

Microfilaments are composted of actin filaments (F-actin) which is comprised of

A

Twisted polymer of G-actin

*has structural polarity (plus and minus end)

28
Q

T/F

Many microfilaments are unstable but association with other proteins can form stable structures

A

True

29
Q

T/F

Microfilaments are essential for cell movement

A

True

30
Q

What actin specific drug binds and stabilizes the filaments and is present in death cap mushrooms

A

Phalloidin

31
Q

What actin specific drug caps filament plus ends and prevents polymerization

A

Cytochalasin

32
Q

What actin specific drug binds actin monomers and prevents their polymerization

A

Latrunculin

33
Q

Whose components are produced intracellular lay and secreted outside of the cell where they aggregate and is made of interlocking fibrous proteins and proteoglycans

A

Basal lamina (a component of the extracellular matrix)

“Basement membrane”

*very tissue specific

34
Q

The extracellular matrix interacts with cells and tissues via ________ proteins

A

Transmembrane proteins

35
Q

The basement membrane (Extracellular matrix) is made up of what proteins

A

Proteoglycans

Collagen (IV)

Laminin

Fibronection

36
Q

What are the functions of the ECM ?

A
  1. Anchoring and engulfing cells to maintain structure
  2. Determining biochemical properties of extracellular environment
  3. Controlling cellular polarity, survival, proliferation, differentiation and fate
  4. Inhibiting or facilitating cell migration
  5. Binding and acting as a reservoir of growth factors
  6. Serving as a ligand for signaling receptors
37
Q

What is the main structural protein in ECM/ connective tissue and basal lamina

A

Collagen

*triple helix gives its strength

38
Q

What are the trimeric proteins that form collagens triple helix, and allow it to associate as fibers, sheets, or transmembrane structures

A

Homotrimers and heterotrimers

39
Q

T/F

Collagen is not functional until it is cleaved

A

True

40
Q

Where is the synthesis of preprocollagen; and insertion of procollagen molecule into the lumen of the ER

A

Rough ER

41
Q

Where is collagen proline and lysine residues hydroxylated and hydroxylysine residues glycosylated

A

Lumen of the ER

42
Q

Where is self-assembly of the tropcollagen molecule that is initiated by disulfide bond formation which forms the triple helix of collagen

A

Lumen of ER and Golgi apparatus

43
Q

Where is procollagen prepared for secretion from the cell

A

Secretory vesicle

44
Q

Where does the cleavage of propeptides of procollagen to make active collagen occur

A

Extracellular

45
Q

Scurvy is a result of the loss of what cofactors of collagen production

A

Ascorbate (vitamin C)
Or iron
*cofactos that hydroxylate collagen

46
Q

What are characteristic traits of scurvy

A 
Poor wound healing
Wound re-opening
Loss of teeth 
Pale teeth 
Sunken eyes
Bleeding gums
47
Q

What disease is caused by. Mutations in collagen or collagen synthesis genes

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
-stretchy skin

  • Autosmal recessive is all enzyme defects
  • autosomal dominant is all structural (fibrous) proteins are defective

[fibrous proteins all start with COL]

48
Q

_____ links cells to ECM (basil lamina)

A

Focal contacts

49
Q

What are different types of cell connections and junctions that serve roles in migration, wound healing, tissue architecture, and immune system function

A

Anchoring junction

Occluding junction (prevents passage of molecules)

Channel-forming junction

Signal relaying junction

50
Q

What are desmosomes

A

An anchoring junction made up that connects cell to cell and is a part of intermediate filaments. Give the cell strength

51
Q

What are adheren junctions

A

An anchoring junction that binds cell to cell. Uses Cadherin receptors and attaches to actin filaments. Give the cell shape

52
Q

Gap junctions have connexins principle receptors and are important for what function of the body

A

Heart contraction

53
Q

What are the 4 major families of cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) and adhesion receptors

A
  1. Cadherins
  2. Ig superfamily CAMs
  3. Integrins
  4. Selectins
54
Q

What are the 3 major domains of CAMs

A
  1. Extracellular
    - binds adjacent cell to matrix protein
  2. Transmembrane
    - links CAM to membrane
  3. Cytoplasmic
    - bind to cytoskeleton via linker proteins
55
Q

The cadherin superfamily is a __ dependent adhesion molecule, and has what important function

A

Ca2+

  • important in the formation of adheren and desmosome junctions between cells (epithelial “sheets”)
  • has homophilic interactions
  • interacts with actin cytoskeleton
56
Q

What are the common features of classic cadherins

A

(Types E, N, R, VE)

-Ca2+ dependent homophilic adhesion function that links to the actin cytoskeleton and is associated with adheren junctions

57
Q

What are common features of atypical cadherins

A

(T and Ll type)

-function as homophilic adhesion proteins without interaction with catering or link to actin cytoskeleton

58
Q

E-cadherin =

A

Epithelial

59
Q

N-cadherin =

A

Neural c

60
Q

VE-cadherin =

A

Vascular-endothelial

61
Q

Li cadherin =

A

Liver-intestine

62
Q

Cadherins can serve as biomarkers for invasive metastic tumors. In EMT (epithelia to mesenchymal transition) which is present in bladder cancer, which cadherins are increased and which are decreased

A

E cadherins decrease

N cadherins increase

*signals increased tumor invasiveness and increased metastatic potential

63
Q

The Ig superfamily of CAMs is calcium independent transmembrane glycoproteins that interacts with what type of cells through what type of binding

A
  • Immune function cells
  • homophilic and heterophilic binding
  • involved in recognition, binding, and adhesion of cells
64
Q

Selectin (CAMs) are calcium dependent glycoproteins that bind to extracelluar ______. And play an important role in what

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • in host defense mechanism (increasing inflammation so WBC can start leukocyte rolling cascade)

[therefore an increase in inflammatory responses = an increase in selectins]

65
Q

Integrins (CAMs) bind what together

A

The ECM to the cytoskeleton

66
Q

Integrins (CAMs) activate what signaling pathways

A

RTK to regulate growth, division, survival, and apoptosis

67
Q

Integrins (CAMs) have cell to cell interactions via _____ family

A

Beta-2 family

*integrins on leukocytes allow for adhesion and transmigration to sites of infection

MCM-COM 2018 (14 decks)

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